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RF CHANNEL MANAGEMENT

GSM - RADIO INTERFACE

IN THIS PRESENTATION Radio Interface

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Frequency Bands & Specifications

Multiple Access Method: FDMA & TDMA FDMA /TDMA Frame Representation

Logical Channels: Traffic & Control

Operational Concepts Other Salient Features of RF I/F- DTX, Time Alignment Diversity, Fr. Hopping, Power Control.
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Communication - Mobile

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Subscriber Line (2W)

Inter-Exchange Junction

BSC

BTS MS

Telephone Exchange

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

GSM RADIO INTERFACE

Most Important Interface
Full Compatibility between mobile stations of various

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Manufacturers & Networks of different vendors to help roaming To increase spectral efficiency -- Large number of simultaneous calls in a given bandwidth -- Frequency Reuse -- Interference -- Use of Interference Reduction Techniques

GSM Uplink & Downlink

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Frequency Bands GSM 900 Mhz DCS 1800 MHz

B T S

GSM Specifications
RF Spectrum :
GSM 900 Mobile to BS (UP-LINK) BS to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) Bandwidth 890 to 915 MHz

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935 to 960 MHz 25 MHz

GSM 1800 ( DCS ) :

Mobile to Cell (UP-LINK) - 1710 to 1785 MHz Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) - 1805 to 1880 MHz Bandwidth - 75 MHz

GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation Duplex Distance No. of RF Carriers Access Method Modulation Method Transmission Rate Speech Coding 200 kHz 45 MHz 124 TDMA/FDMA GMSK 270.833Kbps

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- Full rate 13 Kbps Half rate 6.5 Kbps

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GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS

GSM uses both FDMA & TDMA
FDMA Access along Frequency axis Each RF carrier 200khz apart Total 124 RF Channels available. One or more carrier assigned to each base station

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124

...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8 Mhz.
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GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS

it is co-ordinated with Non -GSM operators in adjacent freq. bands.

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Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN) 1 and 124 not used until

Thus for practical purposes only 122 RF Carriers are available.

Frequency for any ARFCN ( n) can be calculated from :

F up-link (n) = 890.2 +0.2* ( n-1 ) MHz

F down-link (n) = 935.2 +0.2* ( n-1 ) MHz Here 124. 10

GSM FDMA

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890 25 MHz
0

915

935 25 MHz

960

1 Mobile to Base

1 Base to Mobile

890.2

890.4

890.6

(MHz)

935.2

935.4

935.6

200 kHz

200 kHz

45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation

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GSM TDMA

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Amplitude
45 MHz

7 8 5 6 2 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 5 6

7 8

Frequency

F1 (Cell Rx)

F2

F1 F2 (Cell transmit)

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

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Digital Voice Transmission

Speech Coding
- In GSM speech coding a block of 20 ms is encoded in one set of 260 bits.
- This calculates as 50X 260 = 13 kbps. Thus GSM speech coder produces a bit rate of 13 kbps per subscriber. - This provides speech quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and comparable with wire-line PSTN phones.

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Speech Coding

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Speech Signal 20 ms 01100011000111110011100 Speech Code

Parameters like tone, length of tone, pitch are transmitted Sampling=50 times/sec instead of 8000 of 260 bits each overall bit rate= 50x260x8 subs=104kbps
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Channel Coding

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260 bits
50 Very important bits

3 parity bits
Block coder 53 bits 1:2 Convolutional Coder 4 Tail bits 378 bits 456

132 Important bits

78

Not so important bits

Detection & correction of errors

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GSM Digital Voice Transmission

Channel Coding - It uses 260 bits from speech coding as input and outputs 456 encoded bits. Interleaving - These 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech are interleaved forming eight blocks of 57 bits each.

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- In one burst one block of 57 bits from one sample and another block from another sample are sent together.

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GSM Digital Voice Transmission

Burst Formatting
To counteract the problems encountered in radio path:
- Additional bits as training sequence added to basic speech/data. - Total of 136 bits added, bringing overall total to 592 bits. - Each TS of TDMA frame is 0.577 ms long and during this time 156.25 bits are transmitted. - One burst contains only 148 bits. Rest of the space, 8.25 bits time, is empty and is called Guard Period ( GP ). - GP enables MS/BTS to ramp up and ramp down.

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Interleaving & Burst Formatting

1st Sample of 20 ms speech 456 bits Sample 1
D D D D D D D D

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2nd Sample of 20 ms speech 456 bits Sample 2

D D D D D D D D

2 3

4 5

6 7 8

2 3

4 5

6 7 8

1
Stream of Time Slots

2 3

4 5

6 7 8

57

26

57

8.25

Normal Burst

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GSM: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) The modulation method in GSM is GMSK which facilitates the use of narrow bandwidth and coherent detection capability. Rectangular pulses are passed through a Gaussian filter prior to their passing through a modulator. The modulation scheme almost satisfies the adjacent channel power spectrum density requirements of -60dB specified by CCIR.

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GSM: Speech to Radio waves

Analog
Analog

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Speech Coding Channel Coding

Speech Decoding Channel Decoding De-interleaving Burst formatting

Interleaving Burst formatting

Ciphering
Modulation
200kHz BW

Deciphering
Demodulation
200kHz BW
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FDMA/TDMA Scheme
TIME

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BP2 BP1 BP8 BP7 BP6 BP5 BP4 BP3 BP2 BP1 890.2 890.0 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 891.2

BURST

F
R A M E
915.8

FRE Q
21

MHz

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3 T

142 Fixed Bits

3 T

FCCH Burst

3 CC SMS SS 57 T CM Encrypted

1 S

26 Training

1 S

57 Encrypted

3 T

8.25 GP

Normal Burst

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PHYSICAL CHANNELS
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FRAME OF 8 TIME SLOTS

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FRAME REPETITION

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1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8

7 5 3 1

6 4 2

PHYSICAL CHANNELS

8 8 8 8

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GSM-- TDMA STRUCTURE

TDMA Time slot duration Frame 8 Time Slots / RF Channel 0.577m sec or 15 / 26 m sec 8 Burst Periods ( Time Slots) = 8 15/26 = 4.615 m sec Multi Frame Traffic Control Super Frame 26 4.615 = 120 msec

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51 4.615 = 235.365 m sec 51 Traffic Multi frames 26 Control Multi frames

Hyper Frame

2048 Super Frames = 3

28

52.76

hr min sec

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GSM Radio Interface - CYCLES

Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes
3 Hours 28 Minutes 53 Seconds and 760 milliseconds
0 2047

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Superframe = 26 51 multiframes
6.12 Seconds
0
0

50
25

26 Multiframe
120 mS
0 1 2 24 25

51 Multiframe
Approx 235 mS
0 1 48 49 50

TDMA frame
4.615 mS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Organisation of Speech & Data

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Frames 0-11 : TCH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frames 12 : SACCH
8 9 10

11

12

13

Frames 13-24 : TCH

14 15 16 17

18

19

20

Frames 25 : Unused
21 22 23

24

25

26 frame multiframe Duration: 120 ms TDMA frame Duration: 60/13 ms =4.615 ms

BP 0

BP 1

BP 2

BP 3

BP 4

BP 5

BP 6

BP 7

57

26

57

8.25

Tail Data bits bits

Stealing Training Stealing sequence bit bit

Data bits

Tail Guard bits bits Normal burst Duration 15/26 ms

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GSM
LOGICAL CHANNELS

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USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)

SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)

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GSM

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CONTOL CHHANELS OVER LOGICAL CHANNELS Intended to carry signaling and synchronization

THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS

Broadcast control channel BCCH Common control channel CCCH Dedicated control channel DCCH

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Logical Channels
Logical Channels Traffic Channels

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Control Channels

TCH/F Broadcast Channels FCCH SCH BCCH Common Control Channels Dedicated Control Channels TCH/H

RACH PCH AGCH

SDCCH SACCH FACCH

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GSM
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS
Broadcast control channel BCCH

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P- MP

For Freq Correction For Syncronisation

FCCH SCH BCCH

Common control channel CCCH For ACCESS Management PCH RACH AGCH

Dedicated control channel DCCH P- P For Registration ,authentication & Handover SDCCH SACCH FACCH
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Logical Channels Configuration

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Combined Time Slot BCCH & 9 Blocks of CCCH. Non Combined Time Slot BCCH, SDCCH/4 & 3 Blocks of CCCH. SDCCH not on TS0 SDCCH/8.

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Multiplexing of BCHs and CCCHs onTS0

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F S B B B B C0 C0 C0 C0 F S C1 C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 0 4 9 14 19

F S C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C4 C4 F S C5 C5 C5 C5 C6 C6 C6 C6 20 24 29 34 39

F S C7 C7 C7 C7 C8 C8 C8 C8 I 40 44 49

Non-Combined Time Slot 0

Multiplexing of BCHs and SDCCH onTS0

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F S B B B B C0 C0 C0 C0 F S C1 C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 0 5 9 15 19 F S D0 D0 D0 D 0 D1 D 1 D1 D 1 F S D2 D2 D2D 2 D3 D3 D3 D3 20 25 31 35 39 F S A0 A0 A0 A0 A2 A2 A2 A2 I 40 45 49

Combined Time Slot 0

Multiplexing of SDCCHs and SACCHs on TS2

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D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3 D4 D4 D4 D4 0 4 9 14 19

D5 D5 D5 D5 D6 D6 D6 D6 D7 D7 D7 D7 A0 A0 A0 A0 A1 A1 A1 A1 20 24 29 34 39

A 2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A 3 A 3 A3 A 3 I 40 44

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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels TCH Allocated to users only when needed

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Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE DEDICATED MODE -When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL has been allocated during an established call

IDLE MODE MODE -When MS is powered on (active) without being in dedicated mode

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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS

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IDLE MODE
-When MS is powered on (active) without being in dedicated mode

MS stays continuously in touch with BS Listens to transmissions from BS to intercept Paging Messages ( for incoming calls) Monitors Radio Environment in order to evaluate Chl Quality & choose the most suitable BS Listens to BS to avail short message broadcast service

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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS

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ACCESS PROCEDURE
-Access to system ( switch over from IDLE to DEDICATED Mode)

MS indicates to BS that it needs a connection BS accepts the request & indicates which traffic CHL it may use For above purpose specific transmission is done over Common Channels

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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS

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MOBILE O/G Call

MS sends access over RACH

System allocates SDCCH through AGCH

Set up information exchanged over SDCCH ( Authentication and call set-up messages)

Lastly TCH is assigned through SDCCH when a conversation can start

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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS

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MOBILE I/C Call

Paging to MS through PCH since MS is monitoring PAGCH MS responds by sending a page response over RACH As a result system allocates SDCCH to MS over AGCH

Set up information exchanged over SDCCH ( Authentication, Call set-up messages , Power Control) Lastly TCH is allocated to mobile over SDCCH . Mobile starts conversation.

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GSM RF Interface
Other Salient Features Of GSM RF INTERFACE:

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- Control of Transmitted Power. - Discontinuous Transmission. - Timing Advance. - Diversity. - Frequency Hopping.

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Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

Speech activity only 40% of time. Needs Voice activity detection. Determination of voice threshold vis--vis noise. Annoying clicks/inefficient DTX.

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Generation of Comfort Noise at receiver to avoid the feeling of the set being dead.

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Timing Alignment
- Large distance between BTS and MS causes the problem. - Each MS on call is allocated a timeslot on TDMA frame. - The problem occurs when the information transmitted by MS does not reach BTS on allocated timeslot.
TDMA Frame

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TS3 TS2

B on TS2

A on TS3

BT

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Timing Advance
( To counteract problem of Time Alignment ) -- MS instructed to do its transmission certain bit-times or later to reach its timeslot at BTS in right time. -- In GSM systems maximum 63 bit-times can be used. -- This limits the GSM cell size to 35 Km radius. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time

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earlier

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Start Sending

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Antenna Diversity
Space Diversity - Mounting two receiver antenna physically separated a distance.

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- Probability of both of them being affected by a deep fading dip

at same time is low. - At 900 MHz with antenna spacing of 5-6 m we get 3 db gain. Polarization Diversity - Dual polarized antenna vertical and horizontal arrays.
Tx Tx Rx Rx (A) Rx ( B)

No Diversity

Antenna Diversity

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FREQUENCY HOPPING
Change of frequency after every frame in a pre-determined manner

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SFH improves performance in multi-path fading Provides interference diversity

Decreases required C/I

Mandatory for MS when requested by BS

FCCH ,SCH ,BCCH are not hopped

Algorithm : Cyclic or pseudorandom

SUMMARY

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Radio Interface Frequency Bands & Specifications Multiple Access Method FDMA & TDMA FDMA /TDMA Frame Representation

Logical Channels Traffic & Control

Operational Concepts

Other Salient Features of RF I/F- DTX, Time Alignment Diversity, Fr. Hopping, Power Control.

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Thank You

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A Presentation by: Mobile Faculty, ALTTC, Ghaziabad

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