Caustic Soda

Group Members Bilal Ishfaq 32 Amir Khalid 15 Awais Nazir 95 Hafiz Asim Ali 52

Introduction
Caustic soda. Soda ash. Baking soda. chloro-alkali Industry

NaoH/cl2

NA2Co3,NaHCO3

Chloro-alkali Industry
Caustic soda is produced almost entirely by the electrolysis of aqueous solution of alkali metal chlorides, or from fused chlorides. Brine electrolysis produces chlorine at the anode and hydrogen along with the alkali hydroxide at the cathode. If chlorine and the alkali hydroxide are the final product, cell design must keep them from mixing.

Manufacturing Process
There are two manufacturing process of caustic soda. Casticization process. It is old method chemically it may be written as

Na2Co3+Ca(OH)2 NaOH+CaCo3

 Electrolysis of brine: In this method electrolysis of brine solution is done in the electrolytic cell Uses: As chemical base in many industries Pulp and paper Textiles Soap Detergents Drain cleaner
Industries in Pakistan Ithed Chemical limited (ICl) Sitara Chemicals

Steps involved in Manufacturing in NaOH

water impurities
Brine Solution

NaCl Chemical treatment

Precipitate filtration Heat exchanger

H2

Electrolysis
Evaporation and Cooling

Cl2

Store

Process Flow Diaghram

Chemical treatment NaCl
Saturated Brine Ba2CO3
Heat exchanger NaOH Na2CO3

270-290 g/l

pit

coagulant

Settler Clarifier

Storage tank

Sand filter

Cl2
Over head tank

H2

Weak caustic soda tank + Electrolytic Cell

stripper

Multiple Effect Evaporator

stripper

Depleted brine

NaOH Salt

Rotary filter

Reactions
In Chemical treatment SO4 + BaCO3 BaSO4 + CO3Mg2+ + NaOH Mg(OH)2

General reactions NaCl + H2O NaOH + HCl

Electrolysis Section
Three types of Cells Diaphragm Cell Asbestos diaphragm is installed Membrane Cell Perflouro Ethylene is used Mercury Cell Mercury cathode is used

Diaphragm Cell

Cl2

H2

Brine Solution

(2.9-3.5) V

Na+ ? ? ? H2O ClCathode (Stain less steel) Asbestos diaphragm

+ Anode(Graphite)

NaOH 12% NaCl 16% separation

Membrane Cell Cl2 H2

NaCl (3-3.6) V

H2O / weak NaOH

? ?

Na+ H2O

+ Anode(Nickel) Spent Brine Perflouro ethylene membrane

Cathode(titanium)

(32-35)% NaOH

Reactions
At Anode: 2ClAt Cathode: 2H2O +2e2OH + H2

Cl2 + 2e-

Mercury Cell

Cl2 ?

Cl2 ?

Cl2 ?

(3.9-4.2) V Depleted Brine

NaCl Wide=12m Length=15 m Anode(Ni)

H2 Hg Mercury as Cathode NaHg NaOH 50% Decomposer Graphite rods

E-1

H2O

Reactions in Mercury Cell

At Cathode: Hg + Na+ClDecomposer: Na(Hg) + H2O

1/2Cl2 +

NaHg

NaOH +1/2H2O + Hg

Comparison of Cells
In Diaphragm product NaOH is 12%, NaCl is 16%.
In Membrane cell product is (32-35)%.

In Mercury cell product is 50% but environment unfriendly.