Presented by: GROUP 5 Rozelle Ann Daguro Maehyl Joy Pahilagao Glazy Pearl Marte

In SPAIN, the fighting of Christian and Muslim had been virtually continuous since the Muslim conquest in the eight century. It so happened by the late eleventh century, instability in the Muslim and Byzantine empires and the expansion of the Seljuk(Seljuq) Turks had made pilgrimages to Palestine unsafe for the Christian.

INTRODUCTION

After the year 1000 Cordovan Caliphate weakened, The Spanish Christian princess of the North won the support of powerful French abbey at Cluny Under prodding from Cluny, French nobles joined the Spaniards in warring on the Muslims The pope offered an indulgence to all who would fight for the Cross in Spain.

INTRODUCTION

In the year 1085 Christians took the city of Toledo, though a new advance by Muslim Berbers from North Africa set them back for a time. TWELFTH CENTURY Recovering a large area of central Spain and Christian movement continued Wars of Normans against Muslim of Sicily CRUSADE- a holy war against he infidel supported by the papacu.

The Crusades
Origins of the Crusades

Third Century
Christians had visited the scenes of Christs life In Jerusalem, Constantines mother, St. Helena discovered what was believed to the true cross and other relies of Christ passion.

Before the Muslim Conquest

Seventh Century

Pilgrims came from Byzantium and west After Muslim conquest, pilgrimages were very dangerous and could be undertaken only by the hardiest pilgrims During the reign of Charlemagne
Conditions had improved for pilgrims, because of the excellent relations between Charlemagne and Caliph Harun Al-Rashid. Caliph made Charlemagne a present of the actual recess in which Christ was believed to have been buried and allowed him to endow a hostel in Jerusalem for use of pilgrims.

Tenth Century
Belief had grown that pilgrimage would procure Gods pardon for sins Western form of Muslim haj Compostela in Spain and Rome had become favorite places of pilgrimage but no place could compare in importance with the Shrines of Palistine

Early Seventh Century

Eccentric Egyptian ruler of Palestine Hakim, abandoned the tolerant practices of his predecessors and began to persecute Christians and Jews, and make travel to holy places unsafe. Hakim destroy the church of holy Sepulcher and declared himself to be God incarnate. Open struggle begun at Byzantium between civil servants of court and military by great landowners of Asia Minors.

1050
1055

Seljuk created a state centering on Persia - Seljuk forces raided deep into Anatolia to Aegean - They entered Baghdad on the invitation of Abbasid Caliph and became champions of Sunnite Islam against the Shiite rulers of Egypt. - Catastrophic Byzantine defeat at Manzikert and Jerusalem fell in the year of Manzikert and became part of new Seljuk state of Syria. - Amid discovered and place intrigue with empire reduced in territory and the capital in danger, Alexius I communes a general and great landowners and he also held off the roman attack on the Dalmatian cost through an alliance with Venice and played one local Turkish potentate off against another .

1071

1081

The Schism Between Eastern and Western Churches

Provided the papacy with additional incentives for intervention in the east. 1073
Pope Gregory VII set an ambassador to Constantinople. Gregory VII planned to reunite the churches by extending the holy war from Spain to Asia. Send Byzantines an army of western knights which he would read himself.

Pope Urban II(1088-1099)

Carried on the tradition of Gregory VII His council of Diacenza in 1095 came envoy from Alexius who asked for military help against Turks. He emphasized the appeal received from the eastern Christians.
Great Lords King of France Duke of Normandy Godfrey of Bovillon(Duke of Lower Lorraine)

The Crusader States (1098-1109)

Antioch became the center of the second crusader state under the Norman Behomond. Other crusaders took Jerusalem by assault in July 1099 followed by a slaughter of Muslim and Jews, men, women and children. Lorrainer Godfrey of Bovillon was chose, not king for he would not consent to wear a royal crown in the city where Christ had worn the crown of thorns but defender of the holy sepulcher. 3rd crusader state had been found when Godfrey died not long afterward and his brother Baldwin of Edessa became first king of Jerusalem in 1100.

 1109-son of Raymond of toulouse founded the 4th and last crusader states centering around the seaport of Tripoli. - the king of Jerusalem was the theoretical overlord of the other 3 states but was often unable to enforce his authority -the Byzantine emperors never relinquished the rights that had been secured to them by the oath that the crusaders had made to Axelius especially in the case of Antioch, occasionally able to assert those rights successfully.

The Assizes of Jerusalem

Not written down until the 13th century when the Muslim reconquest was nearly complete. Record the governmental practices of the crusaders states. The great officers of the realm were the officers of the kings household: sensechal constable, marshal and the like. Police and civil cases were under the direction of viscount, royal officers in towns and there were special commercial maritime courts.

The Military Orders 1119-1798

The western founded the military orders of knighthood. First Templars started about 1119 by a Burgundian knight who sympathized with the hardships of Christian pilgrims and who banded together with several others to protect the helpless on their way to pray at Holy places. St. Bernard himself inspired their rule based on the rules for his own Cistercians and confirmed by the Pope in 1128.

The Muslim Reconquest and The Later Crusaders 1140-1291

When Muslim did achieve unity under a single powerful leader, the Christians suffered grave losses. 1120s- Zangi government of Mosul or the Tigris succeeded in unifying the local Muslim rulers of the region.

The Ottoman Empire

Ottomans inheritance no doubt came from their past in the central Asia. Turks are highly traditional people From Persian and the Byzantines, they derived their: Exaltation of the ruler Their tolerance of religious groups outside the state religion their practice of encouraging such groups to form independent separate communities inside their state.

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

PERSIAN source of Turkish Literature Literary language ISLAM the sacred law of their approach to legal problems the Arabic alphabet

The Ottoman

The Ottoman System

SIXTEENTH century Ottomans permitted Christians and Jews to serve the state Allowing the patriarch of Constantinople and the Grand Rabbi to act as leaders MINETS Leaders of religious community

The Ottoman System

Sultan ruled the Ottomans in the year 1280-1566 Kullar slaves and members of the ruling class Raya(cattle) lacked one or more attributes to be in the ruling class.

Four subdivisions of Ottomans Ruling Class

1. The men of the emperor or the imperial class - comprise an inner service: The sultan, the wives , sons, servants, private purse, and palace attendants The grand vizier presided over the council of state 2. The men of the sword All those connected with the Ottoman armies Irregular troops and garrison forces: the calvarymen

Four subdivisions of Ottomans Ruling Class

3.The men of the pen Performed the duty of the government 4. The Sages the judges who applied Muslim law in the courts, the teachers in the school and the scholars of Koran and the holy law(Shariya), the muftis Sheikh-ul-Islam the grand mufti in Islambul He alone could proclaim the beginning of wars

Death of Muhammad II

In 1481 The Turks expanded across Danube into modern Romania and seized the Genoese outposts in the Crimea. Marked by great Hungarian fortress of Belgrude and the Island fortress of Rhodes in the Aegean. Sultan Selim, the Grim(1512-1520) doubled the territories of the empire in Asia

Suleiman I, the Magnificent 1520-1566

The Ottoman Empire thus became deeply involved in Western European affairs Participated the wars between Habsburgs and France September 1529-Suleiman besiege Vienna and acquired Algeria w/c remained an Ottoman vassal state In Asia he defeat the Persians, annexed modern Iraq, including Baghdad, and secured an outlet on the Persian Gulf.


In 1536 a formal treaty was concluded between France and Ottoman Empire, the first of several socalled capitulations. In Turkish territory, the French were to enjoy complete religious liberty and were also granted a protectorate over the Holy Places. These capitulations contributed to the wealth and prestige of France and gave it a better position in the Ottoman Empire than that of any other European power.


After Suleiman the Ottoman system, already manifesting signs of weakness. The Ottoman capture of Cyprus was preceded by the formation of a Western Holy League headed by the pope against the Turks. In 1571 the league won a great naval battle(Lepanto) off the Greek coast In 1606 the Turks signed a peace treaty with the Habsburgs.


This time the Turks signed a peace had to negotiate as equals; they gave the Habsburg emperor his proper title and were unable to demand tribute The Ottoman Empire might have suffered even more severely in the first half of the seventeenth century than it did. As it was, internal anarchy distributed the state; janissaries rebelled, troops rioted, and several sultans were disposed within a few years. The Persians recapture Baghdad, and rebellion ranged in the provinces.

Murad IV (1623-1640)
He reduce the janissaries, initiated a new military system, recognized military fiefs and abolished tribute in Christian children. After Murads death, the revival contributed under a family of viziers, the kopru of Albania Executed 36,000 people in 5 years (1656-1661), hanged the Greek patriarch for predicting Christianity defeat Islam.

In 1536,a formal treaty was concluded Capitulations contribute to the wealth and prestige of France In 1571 The league won a great naval battle( Lepanto) off the Greek coast. In 1606 the Turks signed a peace treaty with the Habsburgs

1386-1478

WEST RUSSIA
In the year 1200 collapse of the Kievan Russia EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURY LITHUANIA; capital: VILNA the grand duke ruled nominally in West Russia 1386 The grand duke married the heiress to Polish throne and became king of Poland

WEST RUSSIA
The Polish Roman Catholic Church and Polish nobility came fore in Lithuania

NORTH RUSSIA
TOWN OF COMMONWEALTH of NOVGOROD came to rule over; this was explored by armed merchants and pioneers Grew up a tradition of municipal independence. Town Council(called veche) was very strong TRADE was the lifeblood of the city with Germans.

NORTH RUSSIA
NOVGOROD had a rigid class system. the representatives of richer merchants, powerful families came to control the veche. -The city depended on the upon the region to the southeast, around Moscow for its grain.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY
The Polish-Lithuanian state and the state of Moscow were competing. In 1478 ruler of Moscow conquered Novgorod and deported upper class to central Russia.

THE TATARS
1223-1400 Early thirteenth century GENGHIS KHAN conquered Northern China and Asia from Manchuria to the Caspian Sea. -led his tatars across Caucasus Mountains and into steppes of Southern Russia,defeating Russia and dissident Polovtsky together near the sea of Azov in 1223. -retreated in Asia where he died in 1227.

THE TATARS
BATU KHAN brought the tatars back again in 1230 -sacked Moscow in 1237 and Kiev in 1240. -move into western Russian region and into Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia. TATARS success due largely to excellent military organization: -unified command -general staff -clever intelligence -deceptive battle tactics

THE TATARS
BATU KHAN retreated across Europe and at Sarai, near the great bend of Volga. Founded the capital of a new state(Golden Horde) which accepted the over lordship of the far-off central government of the Mongols in Pekings. Other Mongol leaders ended the Abbasid caliphate in 1258. were defeated by the mamluks in 1260.

Genghis and Batu Khan

THE TATARS

During THIRTEENTH and FOURTEENTH CENTURY Several embassies were sent to Mongolia and China causing a great increase in geographical knowledge derived from the accounts of the European ambassadors(Franciscans or Dominicans) The most lasting effects of the Tatar invasions was in RUSSIA.

THE TATARS

Main Purpose: the efficient collection of tribute and shifted a policy of exploitation.

TOWARD THE END OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

MONGOL empire grew feebler and the RUSSIAN grew bolder. First Russian victory over the Tatars Scored by a prince of Moscow in 1378 and 1380 Three separate Khanates(Tatar states): -one at Kazan on middle Volga -one at Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga on the Caspian -one in the Crimea which became a vassal of the Ottoman sultan

GREAT NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN POET

ALEXANDER PUSHKIN Meant to contrast the culture impact of the Tatars on Russia with that of the Muslim on Spain.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCOVITE STATE

The princes of Moscow assumed LEADERSHIP. RUSSIAN RIVERS-major route for trade, flow north of the Baltic or south into the Black Sea. Richer than the north Could provide enough food for its people Flourishing forest industries Scored the first victories

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCOVITE STATE

Early fourteenth century Metropolitan archbishop made MOSCOW the ecclesiastical capital of Russia. Middle of fifteenth century Moscow was a self-conscious Russian state IVAN III declared that he intended to regain the ancient Russia lands; the champion of Orthodoxy In 1492 , prince of Lithuania was forced to recognize IVAN III as sovereign of all the Russia's; fortified with a religious appeal

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCOVITE STATE

IVAN III adopted the title of Autocrat Used the Byzantine double eagle as his seal Began to behave as Byzantine emperor. Used the title Czar KREMLIN( fortress) building that was built by the Italian architects for IVAN III like the palace at Byzantium

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCOVITE STATE

CZAR IVAN IV,the terrible The custom in the days of Kievan Russia Conquered Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia Establish autocratic government. Russian churchmen spread the story that Rurik,the first political organizer of Russia

NOBLES and SERFS

Accession of IVAN III in 1462 and Peter the Great in 1689 the autocracy overcame

THE REIGN OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE

disorders characterized Russian history in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries began in the long reign of IVAN IV, the terrible Convoked the first zemski sobor( land assembly) Fell in 1553 Created the new institution-the oprichnina( separate realm) oprinchniks(-man appointed by ivan to run the oprichnina

THE RULE OF THE ZEMSKI SOBOR

Now elected as czar Michael Romanov in 1613 Romanov dynasty reigned from the election Alexis-to whom the accession was endorsed 1649 issuance of a new law code

THE EXPANSION OF RUSSIA

Sixteenth sand fourteenth centuries Tremendous physical expansion Frontiersmen in Russia known as Cossacks(kazakh) is a Tatar word meaning free adventurer

WESTERN RUSSIA

THE TOWN COMMONWEALTH OF NOVGOROD