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Data
Data A necessity for almost any enterprise to carry out its business. Consists of raw facts, and when organized may be transformed into information Database A collection of data organized to meet users needs Database management system (DBMS) A group of programs that manipulate the database and provide an interface between the database and the user of the database or other application programs
DBMS
A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database applications:
computerized library systems automated teller machines flight reservation systems computerized parts inventory systems
DBMS
relational, network, flat, and hierarchical all refer to the way a DBMS organizes information internally. The internal organization can affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract information.
Requests for information from a database are made in the form of a query, which is a stylized question. For example, the query
DBMS Discussion
field is greater than 35. The set of rules for constructing queries is known as a query language. Different DBMSs support different query languages, although there is a semistandardized query language called SQL (structured query language). Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called fourth-generation languages, or 4GLs for short. The information from a database can be presented in a variety of formats. Most DBMSs include a report writer program that enables you to output data in the form of a report. Many DBMSs also include
DBMS
a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts.
Hierarchy of Data
Schematic
Hierarchy of Data
Personnel file
[Database]
Database
Files
E001 MOHIT SHARMA IT MANAGER IT 45000 E002 RAKESH KUMAR- ACCOUTANT - 12780
[Personal file]
Records
MOHIT
1010010
Terminology
Database
A collection of integrated and related files
File
A collection of related records
Record
A collection of related fields
Field
A group of characters
Character
Basic building block of information, represented by a byte
which data are collected, stored, and maintained E.g., Customer, Employee
Attribute
A characteristic of an entity; something the entity is identified
Keys
A field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the
record E.g, A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
Attributes (fields)
Schematic
Data
Files Payroll
Users Reports
Invoicing
Invoicing programs
Reports
Inventory control
Reports
Management inquiries
Reports
Drawbacks
Data redundancy Duplication of data in separate files Lack of data integrity The degree to which the data in any one file is accurate Program-data dependence A situation in which program and data organized for one application are incompatible with programs and data organized differently for another application
Database Approach
The database approach
A pool of related data is shared by multiple
application programs Rather than having separate data files, each application uses a collection of data that is either joined or related in the database
Schematic
Reports
Inventory data
Invoicing Data Other data
Inventory program
Reports
Invoicing program
Reports
Reports
Users
Advantages
Improved strategic use of corporate data Reduced data redundancy Improved data integrity Easier modification and updating Data and program independence Better access to data and information Standardization of data access A framework for program development Better overall protection of the data Shared data and information resources
Disadvantages
Relatively high cost of purchasing and operating a
DBMS in a mainframe operating environment Increased cost of specialized staff Increased vulnerability
DATA MODEL
RDBMS
database design is altered so that certain data entities are combined Summary totals are carried in the data records rather than calculated from elemental data Some data attributes are repeated in more than one data entity to improve database performance
Schematic
Last name
Attributes
Colour
Entities
First name
Customer
Order
Product
Name
Schematic
Project 1
Department A
Department B
Department C
Employee 1
Employee 2
Employee 3
Employee 4
Employee 5
Employee 6
Project 1
Project 2
Department A
Department B
Department C
Schematic
Last Name
Johns Buckley Fiske
First Name
Francine Bill Steven
Hire Date
10-7-65 2-17-79 1-5-85
Dept. Number
257 650 598
Schematic
226
598
Last Name First Name Johns Buckley Fiske Francine Bill Steven
Screen snap
Subschema
A file that contains a description of a subset of the
database and identifies which users can perform modifications on the data items in that subset
Schematic
DBMS
Schema
Subschema A
Subschema B
Subschema C
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
Schema Discussion
Pronounced skee-ma, the structure of a database system, described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). In a relational database, the schema defines the tables, the fields in each table, and the relationships between fields and tables.
Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often
Schematic
SCHEMA DESCRIPTION SCHEMA NAME IS XXXX AUTHOR XXXX DATE XXXX FILE DESCRIPTION FILE NAME IS XXXX ASSIGN XXXX FILE NAME IS XXXX ASSIGN XXXX AREA DESCRIPTION AREA NAME IS XXXX RECORD DESCRIPTION RECORD NAME ISXXXX RECORD ID IS XXXX LOCATION MODE ISXXXX WITHIN XXX AREA FROM XXXX THRU XXXX SET DESCRIPTION SET NAME IS XXXX ORDER IS XXXX MODE IS XXXX MEMBER IS XXXX . . .
Data Dictionary
Data Dictionary
A detailed description of all data used in the
database
Schematic
NORTHWESTERN MANUFACTURING PREPARED BY: DATE: APPROVED BY: VERSION: PAGE: DATA ELEMENT NAME: DESCRIPTION: OTHER NAMES: VALUE RANGE: DATA TYPE: POSITIONS: D. BORDWELL 04 AUGUST J. EDWARDS 3.1 1 OF 1
DATE:
13 OCTOBER
PARTNO INVENTORY PART NUMER PTNO 100 TO 5000 NUMERIC 4 POSITIONS OR COLUMNS
elements Assist programmers in designing and writing programs Simplify database modification Reduce data redundancy Increase data reliability Faster program development Easier modification of data and information
Schematic
DBMS
Management inquiries
Other software
Application programs
Manipulating Data
Concurrency control A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time Data manipulation language (DML) The commands that are used to manipulate the data in a database Structured query language (SQL) A standardized data manipulation language
Select all (*) columns from the EMPLOYEE table in which the JOB_CLASSIFICATION field is equal to C2
Database Output
Screen snap
Lotus Approach 98
Inprise (formerly Borland) dBASE DBMS Selection Criteria
Database size
Distributed Databases
Distributed database
A database in which the actual data may be spread
picture
Data Warehouse
Data warehouse A relational database management system designed specifically to support management decision making Current evolution of Decision Support Systems (DSSs) Data mart A subset of a data warehouse for small and medium-size businesses or departments within larger companies
Schematic
Hierarchical databases
Network databases
Flat files
Data wharehouse
build the warehouse Choose the software that best fits your goals Determine who/what should be in the database Develop a plan Measure results
Customer queries
Fraud detection Direct marketing Market basket analysis
Trend analysis
managerially useful display techniques Now used to store and deliver data warehouse information
Data mining
Provides bottom-up, discovery-driven analysis
Schematic
dBASE
ODBC Import
ACCESS database
ODBC Export
Paradox database
ODBC Link
(ORDBMS)
A DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical
data.
Hypertext Users can search and manipulate alphanumeric data in an unstructured way Hypermedia Allows businesses to search and manipulate multimedia forms of data Spatial data technology Use of an object-relational database to store and access data according to the location it describes and to permit spatial queries and analysis
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