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In order to make efforts at language teaching and learning effective, we have to base our classroom practice on sound theories of learning. Major theories that have had an impact on the teaching and learning of English (Behaviorism, Cognitive, Social Constructivism and Humanism)
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Originated in the early 20th century Some behaviorists conduct a research on animals and children how they learn language Psychologists ; -Pavlov -Watson -Thorndike
After few repetition, the rat will always press the bar when the light is switched on.
OR
Skinner also applied this theory to the way humans acquire language. language is a form of behavior. Example; Baby is hungry (stimulus)->Baby cries (response)> Milk is given (reinforcement)
Skinner
Reinforcement is very important in the early stage of learning. Correct behavior should be rewarded and mistakes are corrected immediately.
For the teacher, the following implications of the behavior model of learning are relevant:
Language is learnt only through use or practice. The more the learner is exposed to the use the better the chances of learning it. Learning takes place faster if the correct response toward stimulus is confirmed. The learner must know at once if his effort is right or wrong (rewarded).
Every new item learnt must be reinforced by further practice before further learning begins
Producing the correct linguistic response also requires effort. If the learner is not called upon to make this effort there is no learning.
Cognitivism
Cognitive psychologists challenge the limitations of behaviorism in its focus on observable behavior.
Instead of repetition and drills, cognitivists propose teaching learners how to analyse problems and how to think for themselves
Chomsky
Critics Behaviourism Language is not a form of behaviour but an intricate rule-based system.
Chomsky argument
If language is learnt behaviour, young learners would not utter these sentences; -She cutted my paper. -Father goed to work.
learners realize the rule add ed to the base form to denote the simple past
Jean Piaget
Assimilation: it occurs when a child perceives new objects or events in terms of existing schemes or operations Accommodation: it has occurred when existing schemes or operations must be modified to account for a new experience. Equilibration: it is the master developmental process, encompassing both assimilation and accommodation.
Cognitivists views
Language learning is an active process. Learners are constantly required to think and make sense of new information that they receive. Learners seek to discover the underlying rules and apply them. Learners often misinterpret the rules and mistakes were made.
Cognitivists views
View errors as a sign of learning. Classroom should be learner-centered. Learners do not need to be corrected immediately and directly. Errors as integral part of learning.
References
Purwarno Hadinata; Faculty of English Literature, Islamic University of North Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia. http://purwarnolinguistics.blogspot.com/2005/12/behaviouristapproach.html ELT Methodology, principles and practice. Oxford Fajar http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxh139/cogni tive_1.htm
THE END
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