Chapter 4: Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions Reaction Stoichiometry: Stoichiometry tells us quantitative mass relationships in a chemical reaction.

It answers the questions:

How much of each reactant is consumed in a chemical reaction? How much of each product is produced in a chemical reaction?

Balanced Chemical equations: Ammonia (NH3) reacts with oxygen (O2) to yield nitrogen monoxide (NO) and water (H2O) NH3 + O2 4 NH3 + 5 O2 NO + H2O 4 NO + 6 H2O Unbalanced equation Balanced chemical eq

Stoichiometric coefficients
These coefficients specify the relative amounts in moles (or molecules) of each of the substances involved in a chemical reaction

Stoichiometry and mass relationship Problem: In the reaction given below, what mass of CS2 can be generated by the complete reaction of 67.2g of sulfur. CH4 + 4S CS2+ 2H2S (1). Moles of sulfur=[67.2g/(32.066g/mol)]=2.0957 (2). Use stoichiometry: 4 mol S give 1 mol CS2 2.0957 mol S give Y mol CS2 4 mol S x Y mol CS2=2.0957 mol S x 1 mol CS2 Y=(2.0957 x ( 1/4) =0.5239

(3). Mass of CS2=0.5239 mol x 76.143 g/mol =39.9 g

Stoichiometry and volume relationship Problem:What volume of O2 is required to generate 16.4 L of NO in the reaction, 4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O Assume that volumes are measured at constant T and P. (a).Use stoichiometry 4 mol of NO are obtained from 5 mol O2 (b).Use Equal volumes of gases contain equal number of particles at a given T and P 4 L of NO are obtained from 5 L of O2 16.4 L of NO are obtained from Y L of O2 4 L NO x Y L O2 =5 L O2 x 16.4 L NO

Y=16.4 x (5/4)=20.5 L

Another stoichiometry problem Problem: Density of Si4H10 is 0.825 g/cc.What mass of SiO2 is generated when 25.00 cc of Si4H10 reacted completely in the reaction, 2 Si4H10 + 13 O2 8 SiO2 + 10 H2O mass of Si4H10 reacted =25.00 cc x 0.825 g/cc=20.625g

moles of Si4H10 reacted = 20.625 g/(122.423g/mol) =0.1685 2 mol Si4H10 give 8 mol SiO2 2 x Y= 8 x 0.1685 Y=0.6739 0.1685 mol Si H gives Y mol SiO
4 10 2

mass of SiO2= 0.6739 mol x 60.084 g/mol =40.5 g

Limiting Reactant Consider the reaction, AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 Stoichiometry indicates that 1 mol (169.87 g) AgNO3 reacts with 1 mol (58.44 g) of NaCl to yield 1 mol (143.3 g) AgCl and 1 mol (84.99 g) NaNO3. In practical experiments, however, one does not mix the reactants in stoichiometric quantities. Instead some of the reactants are added in excess amounts to ensure that the reaction goes to completion. For example, if NaCl is added in excess amount, in the above reaction, then one can be sure that all of AgNO3 will be consumed in the reaction and AgNO3 is not wasted.

Limiting Reactant .. contd When the reactants are not mixed in stoichiometric amounts, one needs to know which of the reactants limits (or terminates) the reaction. When a reactant is completely consumed in the reaction, the reaction can no longer continue to occur and is terminated.

The reactant that is completely consumed, and is responsible for terminating the reaction is called the Limiting Reactant.

Limiting Reactant: Example 169.87 g of AgNO3 and 100 g of NaCl are reacted as, AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 What is the limiting reactant? Reactants AgNO3 Starting mass 169.87 g starting moles 169.87g/(169.87 g/mol) = 1 mol Stoichiometry 1 mol left after reaction 0 mol Limiting Reactant NaCl 100 g =1.71 mol 1 mol 0.71 mol

100g/(58.44g/mol)

Problem: What is the Limiting Reactant when 34.0 g NH3 and 50.0 g O2 are reacted according to: 4 NH3 + 3 O2 2N2 + 6 H2O Reactants NH3 34.0 g O2 50.0g

Starting mass Starting moles 34.0g/(17.03 g/mol) 50.0g/(31.998 g/mol) =1.996 mol =1.563 mol (a). Evaluate the possibility of O2 as Limiting Reactant In order for all of 1.563 mol O2 to be consumed in the reaction, stoichiometry dicates that the amount of NH3 needed is: 1.563 mol O2 x (4 mol NH3/3 mol O2)=2.084 Contd

Previous slide contd But only 1.996 mol NH3 are available. So O2 cannot be the Limiting Reactant. (b). Evaluate the possibility that NH3 is the limiting reactant NH O
3 2

1.563 mol Starting moles 1.996 mol In order for all of 1.996 mol NH3 to be consumed in the reaction, stoichiometry dictates that the amount of O2 needed is: 1.996 mol NH3 x (3 mol O2/4 mol NH3)=1.497, which is less than 1.563 mol available. Thus NH3 is the limiting reactant and O2 is in excess quantity.

Easier way to do the previous Problem: What is the Limiting Reactant when 34.0 g NH3 and 50.0 g O2 are reacted according to:4 NH3 + 3 O2 2N2 + 6 H2O Reactants Starting mass Starting moles 34.0g/(17.03 g/mol) 50.0g/(31.998 g/mol) =1.996 mol =1.563 mol Stoichiometry 4 mol 3 mol Ratio 1.563/3=0.521 1.996/4=0.499 Limiting Reactant NH3 34.0 g O2 50.0g

Reactant with smallest ratio is the limiting reactant

Table of Change: Another way to determine the limiting reactant 4 NH3 + 3 O2 2N2 + 6 H2O Initial 1.996 1.563 0 0 (moles) Change -4x -3x 2x 6x Final 1.996-4x 1.563-3x 2x 6x

Limiting reactant is the one which gets all consumed first.

If O2 is the limiting reactant, then 1.563-3x = 0, so x = 0.521.

Then the final amount of NH3 should be:1.996 - 4(0.532)= -0.132. You cannot have more amount consumed than is available, so O2 cannot be the limiting reactant

Theoretical yield Theoretical yield is the quantity of a product expected according to stoichiometry
Problem: What is the theoretical yield of SiC when 2.0 g of Si and 2.0 g of C are reacted as, Si + C SiC

Reactants

starting mass starting moles 2.0g x (1 mol/28.086 g) 2.0gx(1mol/12/011g) =0.0712 =0.1665 Limiting Reactant is Si. So theoretical yield of SiC is: 0.0712 mol Si x (1 mol SiC/1 mol Si)=0.0712 mol
= 0.0712 mol x 40.097 g/mol =2.855 g

Si 2.0 g

C 2.0 g

Percent yield

Percent yield= (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100% Suppose when 2.0 g of Si and 2.0 g of C are reacted, the actual yield in the experiment was 2.0 g.
Theoretical yield calculated earlier was 2. 855 g Percent yield = (2.0 g/2.855g)x 100% = 70%

In real experiments, one rarely gets 100% yield. This is because, usually there are some side reactions which prevent the reactions from proceeding as written by the chemical equation.

Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solutions

In a solution, solute is the component which is in smaller amount; solvent is the component which is in larger amount
Concentration of solute = nsolute(in moles)/Vsolution(in L) = moles of solute/volume of solution (in L) = molarity, M

Place solute in to a flask and add solvent until the level of solution comes to the mark.
Molarity, M = moles/liter =moles/L= mol L-1 A 1.0 M aqueous solution of glucose (C6O6H12) contains 1.0 mol C6O6H12 (solute) in 1L of total solution

Some times this is represented as [C6O6H12]= 1.0 M

Problem: Calculate molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 10.0 g Al(NO3)3 in enough water to make 250.0 mL solution. Moles of Al(NO3)3 = 10.0 g/(212.99 g/mol) = 0.0469

Concentration= (0.0469 mol/250 mL) x (1000 mL/L) = 0.188 M

Dilution: preparing dilute solutions from Stock solution

Prepare 100 mL of 0.03 M solution from 1.0 M stock solution

Final solution needed: 100 mL of 0.03 M Remember, M=n/V or n=MV

100 mL (a).Moles needed in final solution, n=MV flask =(0.03 mol/L) x100 mLx(1 L/1000mL) =0.003 mol (b). We need to transfer 0.003 moles from stock solution.

1M stock solution

(c). Volume of 1M stock solution that will yield 0.003 mol, V=n/M= 0.003 mol/(1 mol/L) = 0.003 L = 3 mL

(d). Transfer 3 mL of stock solution into 100 mL flask and add enough solvent to bring the solution to 100 mL mark. Note: M1V1=M2V2

Use of Stoichiometry

2 NaBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq) What volume of 0.05 M Cl2(aq) is needed for complete reaction of 50 mL of 0.06 M NaBr(aq)? What is the [NaCl] produced? (a). Moles of NaBr to be reacted, n = (0.06 mol/L)x 50 mLx(L/1000 mL)=0.003 mol (b). Stoichiometry: 1 mol Cl2 needed for 2 mol NaBr.

Moles of Cl2 needed=0.003 mol NaBr x (1 mol Cl2/2 mol NaBr) =0.0015 mol (c). Volume of 0.05 M Cl2(aq) needed, V= 0.0015 mol/(0.05 mol/L)= 0.03 L= 30 mL (d). Moles of NaCl produced = moles of NaBr reacted = 0.003

(e). Concentration of NaCl produced = {0.003 mol/(50mL+30mL)} x (1000 mL/L)= 0.0375M