MENTAL RETARDATION

Trinidad Ernesto Tumbaga Cristel Torres Ludgie BSN 4B2 G4

MENTAL RETARDATION
It is also known as Intellectual disability and developmental delay It is the below average intellectual functioning (IQ) accompanied by significant limitations in areas of adaptive functioning such as self care.

TYPES OF RETARDATION
MILD - IQ 50 70
Requires some assistance.

MENTAL

MODERATE - IQ 35 50
Requires supervision, limited speech, & motor func.

SEVERE - IQ 20 35
Complete supervision. & systematic habit training.

PROFOUND - IQ below 20
No capacity for independent living. Aids and supervision required.

CAUSES
Hereditary Early alterations in embryonic development Pregnancy or prenatal problems Medical conditions such as Fetal malnutrition

LEARNING DISORDERS
It is diagnosed when a childs achievement in reading, mathematics, or written expression is below than expected of age, formal education and intelligence.

 Learning problems interfere in academic achievements that requires reading, math and writing. COMMON PROBLEMS CHILDREN low self esteem and poor social skills ADULT employment and social adjustment.

People with learning disorder are assisted with academic achievement through special education.

MOTOR SKILLS DISORDER

Also known as developmental coordination disorder Its essential feature is impaired coordination that is severe enough to interfere with academic achievement or activities of Daily living.

 It is more evident when a child starts to crawl and walk. It often coexist with communication disorders. School provides adaptive therapies such as sensory integration programs like kicking of soccer balls

COMMUNICATION DISORDERS
It is diagnosed when a communication deficit is severe enough to hinder development, academic achievement or activities of daily living including socialization.

EXPRESSIVE DISORDER

LANGUAGE

Involves an impaired ability to communicate through verbal and sign language.

The child has difficulty learning new words and speaking in correct sentences.
Speech is LIMITED

MIXED RECEPTIVE-EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE DISORDER

It includes the problems of expressive language along with difficulty understanding and determining meaning of words and sentences. BOTH present at BIRTH or acquired form NEUROLOGIC INJURY.

PHONOLOGIC DISORDER

It involves problems with articulation (forming sounds/words).

STUTTERING DISORDER

It is the disturbance in normal fluency and time patterning of speech. (nauutal)

 These disorders runs in families. Occurs more in boys than girls

the

THERAPY Speech and language therapy helps in improving their communication skills

PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

It is characterized by pervasive and usually severe impairment of reciprocal social interaction skills, communication deviance, and restricted stereotypical patterns.

CATEGORY
Autism Spectrum disorders
Autistic disorders Retts disorder Childhood disintegrative disorder Aspergers disorder

AUTISTIC DISORDER
Best known pervasive disorder. It is more prevalent in boys than girls Identified at 18mos. Not later than 3 y/o.

MANIFESTATIONS
Little eye contact with others. Makes few facial expressions to others Limited gestures to communicate

 Limited capacity to relate to peers and parents

Lack spontaneous enjoyment

Express no emotional affect

moods

or

 Cant engage in play or makebelieve toys Has little intelligible speech Engage in stereotyped motor behaviors:
Hand flapping Head banging Body twisting

RETTS DISORDER
It is characterized b y the developmental multiple deficits after a period of normal functioning.

Occurs exclusively in girls rare and persistent

It develops between birth and 5months of age.

 Child losses motor skills and begins stereotyped movements. Loses interest in social environment
Severe impairment of expressive and receptive language

Treatment is same as autism.

CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER It is characterized by marked regression in multiple areas of functioning after at least 2 years of normal growth and development.

 Typical age of onset is 3 to 4 years of age. Have the same social and communication deficits and behavioral patterns seen with autistic disorder.
Rare condition that occurs in more often in boys.

ASPERGERS DISORDER
It is characterized by the same impairments and social interaction and restricted stereotyped behaviors seen in autistic disorder but there are NO language or cognitive delays. Occurs more in boys than girls.

COMMON NURSING DIAGNOSES

Risk for injury Self-care deficit Impaired verbal communication Impaired social interaction

Management
Always provide safety. Never leave the child alone Assist in activities of daily living Provide positive feedback Engage in therapies such as physical and speech therapy