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SIJI .P.V EC-7 ROLL NO:61

IMPLEMENTATION OF A DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING APPLICATION USING VARIABLE SAMPLING RATES THE TWO PRIMARY OPERATIONS IN MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING ARE: DECIMATION INTERPOLATION

DECIMATION (DOWN SAMPLING)- PROCESS OF DECREASING THE SAMPLING RATE INTERPOLATION(UPSAMPLING)-PROCESS OF INCREASING THE SAMPLING RATE

THE PROCESS OF INTERPOLATION AND DECIMATION ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS IN MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
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IT IS THE BY WHICH HIGH-FREQUENCY INFORMATION IS ELIMINATED FROM A SIGNAL TO REDUCE THE SAMPLING FREQUENCY WITHOUT RESULTING IN ALIASING
24KHZ 8KHZ

=3

THE OUTPUT SIGNAL y(m) IS OBTAINED BY TAKING EVERY MTH SAMPLE OF THE INPUT SIGNAL
IF M=3 WE SHOULD JUST TAKE EVERY THIRD SAMPLE OF x(n) TO FORM THE DESIRED SIGNAL y(m)
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x[n]={1,2,3,4,5,2,-3,-5,4,-5} DECIMATION BY 2 y[m]={1,3,5,-3,4}

IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE SAMPLING RATE THE INPUT SIGNAL SHOULD BE BANDLIMITED TO HALF THE DESIRED SAMPLING RATE. INPUT SIGNAL SAMPLING RATE=fs M=3 DESIRED SAMPLING RATE =fs/3 THEN THE SIGNAL SHOULD BE BANDLIMITED TO fs/6

Simply to reduce the sampling rate. But much more motivation for decimation is to reduce the cost of processing Iow sampling rate results in a cheaper implementation

CONSIST OF LOWPASS FILTER FOLLOWED BY DOWNSAMPLER LPF FOR AVOIDING ALIASING DOWNSAMPLER PICKS THE SAMPLES THAT ARE PASSED THROUGH THE LPF. THE LPF ATTENUATES THE BAND FROM fs/2M TO fs/2
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FIR FILTERS are used as low pass filter because any output is a function only of the past inputs(there is no fedback) ( FIR FILTER) linear phase filters I/P O/P filter M

why dont use IIR filter all the samples have to be calculated since IIR filter is a recursive filter

EXAMPLES: decimation of x[n]={2,6,4,2,6,8,4,2,4,4}

p(n)=x(n)* h(n)={4,5,3,4,7,6,3,3,4,2} 2 y(m) ={4,3,7,3,4}

H(N)={1/2,1/2} H(0)=1/2 H(1)=1/2

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PROCESS OF INSERTING ZERO VALUED SAMPLES BETWEEN ORIGINAL SAMPLES TO INCREASE THE SAMPLING RATE

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INTERPOLATION CONSIST OF TWO PROCESSES INSERTING L-1 ZERO-VALUED SAMPLES BETWEEN EACH PAIR OF INPUT SAMPLES-ZERO STUFFING

LOW PASS FILTERING THE RESULT

ZERO STUFFING REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF COMPUTATION REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT A FIR FILTER

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INTERPOLATION OF X(n)={1,3,5,3,7}

p(m)={1,0,3,0,5,0,3,0,7,0} h(n)={1/2,1,1/2} y(m)=p(m)*h(n)={1,2,3,4,5,4,3,5,7,3,5}

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In some applications,the need often arises to change the sampling rate by a non integer factor An example is in digital audio applications where it may be necessary to transfer from one storage system to another ,where both systems employ different rates

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Interpolation process preceeds decimation ,otherwise the decimation process would remove some of the desired frequency components L/M=48/44.1=160/147 CD
DAT

To achieve desired sampling rate upsample by L=160 and downsample by M=147

44.1 KHZ

48 KHZ

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Lfs L Lpf h1(n)

Lfs

Lpf h2(m)

LFS M

L Lfs/M

The two digital filters can be combined in to asingle filter If M>L Decimation IF L>M-Interpolation

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Fir filter consist of multipliers,adders and delay elements. Cic filter uses only delay and add operations Cic filter is the cascade of simple integrators and comb filters

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-1 z

input
+

output

Single pole iir filter with a unity feedback coefficient y(n)=x(n)+y(n-1)

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Comb filter is a symmetric fir filter

z -RM

-1
+ input output y(n)=x(n)-x(n-RM) R-rate change M-differential delay(1 or 2)

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Only require add and delay operations. No multipliers are requried . No storage is required for filter coefficients. The structure of cic filter is very regular. Very little external or complicated control is needed.

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The frequency response is fully determined by only three integer parameters M,N,and R resulting in a limited range of filter configuration

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For FPGA design where multipliers are avoided Applications in which large rate change factors require large amount of coefficient storage Applications in which fast impulse response is unavailable Applications in which memory is unavailable or too slow to perform the desired application.
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www.abo.fi/~htoivone/courses/sbappl/asp_cha pter2.pdf www.dspguru.com/dsp/faqs/multirate/decimati on www.dspguru.com/dsp/faqs/multirate/interpol ation www.microcontroller.net/attachment/51932/cic 2.pdf

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