WINDSOR

WINDSOR
UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL
SCHOOLOF
OFMEDICINE
MEDICINE

HOMEOSTATIC
HOMEOSTATIC
REGULATION
REGULATION

Dr.Vishal
Dr.Vishal
Surender.MD.
Surender.MD.
Learning Objectives
Definition of physiology
Review of organ systems
Explain homeostasis
Discuss the relationship between external and
internal environments
List the main body fluid compartments, their
constituents and their relationship to each other
Define equilibrium and steady state
Give examples of homeostatic mechanisms
Explain negative feedback
Define controlled variable, sensor, comparitor and
set point and give examples of each in a negative
feedback loop
Discuss factors that may change set points
Define redundancy and hierarchy with respect to
hemoestatic control mechanisms
Explain positive feedback
 Physiology defined

Physiology is the study

of the normal functioning
of a living organism and
its component parts,
including all its chemical
and physical processes.
 Organization of the human body

Organisms
Organ
(Human body)
Organssystems
Tissues
Cells
4
Organ Systems in Review
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Respiratory
Digestive
Reproductive and Urinary
Circulatory
Nervous and Endocrine
Immune
Organ Systems in Review
The integration between systems of the body
Body Fluid Compartments
Average Total Liters of Fluid-40(60%)

20%
Interstitial Fluid; 11

Plasma; 3

Intracellular Fluid; 28
 Compartments and their
Relationship
Blood Plasma Interstitial Intracellular
3L 11 L 28 L

Transcellular
1L

most cases substances within the plasma must

pass through the interstitial fluid before entering
cells.
Therefore the interrelationships between these 4
compartments are crucial in underlying whole body
 External and Internal Environments
all the vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have only one
object, that of preserving constant the conditions of life in the internal
environment. Claude Bernard (1857)

The Basis of
Physiological Regulatio

A Stable Internal
Environment Is Essen
for Normal Cell Funct
 Environments
Variable Outside Inside
Temperature -10 and +40 C 37 C
PO2 160 mm Hg PaO2 95 mm Hg
PCO2 0.23 mm Hg 40 mm Hg
pH ?/variable pH 7.4

.
stability of the internal environment is the
primary condition for a free and independent
existence-By controlling its internal environment the
organism is no longer at the mercy of the environment .

To summarize:

Homeostasis is the
maintenance of a steady state
of the internal environment of
the body.
 Body Fluid Constituents
Plasma Interstitial Cellular

[Na+] = 142 [Na+] = 145 [Na+] = 15

[K+] = 4.4 [K+] = 4.5 [K+] = 120
[Cl-] = 102 [Cl-] = 116 [Cl-] = 20
[Protein] = 1 [Protein] = 0 mM [Protein] = 4
Osmolality Osmolality Osmolality
290 mOsm 290 mOsm 290 mOsm

substances arent in equilibrium, but

there
there is
is aadifference
balancebetween the basic
constituents of the body-fluid compartments. This
means that homeostasis is not about reaching
equilibrium, but about maintaining a steady-state.
Since the system is not necessarily in equilibrium
Homeostasis & Controls

Successful
compensation
Homeostasis
reestablished
Failure to compensate
Pathophysiology
Illness
Death
13
Feedback( flow of information along a closed
loop ) Negative or Positive

Negative change is sensed and action

taken to prevent further change e.g-
regulation of secretion of hormones.

Positive change is sensed and action

taken to amplify change (usually
associated with a discrete end point,
e.g. birth, ovulation)
 Homeostatic Mechanisms
Most homeostatic mechanisms are based
on negative feedback
specific terms that are used to describe the
processes involved-

Controlled Variable
Sensor
Comparator, set point
Effectors
 Blood Pressure Regulation

Baroreceptor Brain
Blood Loss
(sensor) (comparitor)

Cardiovascular
control
center compares
BP to
Vasoconstriction set point and
Blood Pressure Cardiac Output adjusts
(controlled variable) (effectors) vascular tone and
cardiac output
accordingly
Blood Glucose -ve Feedback

-cell

Variable Insulin
Blood Glucose secretion

Glucose -cell

Cells
 Cutaneous Blood Vessels
Anticipation of exercise and during exercise
Sympathetic outflow increases
to maintain blood pressure
 Cutaneous Blood Vessels
Anticipation of strenous exercise
Sympathetic outflow increases
to maintain blood pressure

Hypothalamus detects heat increase

And inhibits sympathetic outflow
Vasodilation helps to divert blood flow to the skin
For heat loss
 Cutaneous Blood Vessels
With extreme exercise the need to control
Blood pressure takes priority and the
Vessels constrict

Hypothalamus detects heat increase

And inhibits sympathetic outflow
Vasodilation helps to divert blood flow to the skin
For heat loss
 Positive Feedback
All steps in this process produce an increase in the next step
leading to a loop of stimulation. The positive feedback loop
is broken when the baby is expelled from the uterus and
hence the step involving pressure against the cervix has
been removed.

Contraction

oxytocin
 Feed-forward Control
Anticipation of change gets body ready
for change
e.g. heart rate and ventilation can
increase even before exercise begins
Or salivation and digestive enzyme
production begins before a meal is eaten
 Redundancy
Homeostatic mechanisms are important
therefore often there is more than 1 control
mechanism
If 1 mechanism fails then there is a backup
system (e.g. ATP/adenosine in airway surface
liquid secretion or control of cutaneous blood
vessels by both cardiovascular control center
and temperature control center)
Or blood pressure (next slide)
 Hypovolemic Shock

B.P. falls

Angiotensinogen
in blood

Kidney Aortic arch

Renin Juxtaglomerular cells Carotid sinus

Activity drop

Angiotensin I Hypothalamus Medulla

Posterior Pituitary oblongata

ACE Sympathetic output

ADH

Adrenal Kidney Blood Heart rate

Angiotenin II
Cortex Salt water conservation Vessels contractility

LUNG Aldosterone
Inc.
Inc. vasc. resistance
Inc. volume B.P.
 Summary I
Homeostasis maintenance of a stable
internal environment
Steady state unchanging with time
Equilibrium when parameters are
maintained in an energetically favorable
situation
Redundancy more than 1 system to
control a variable (backup systems)
 Summary II
Negative feedback feedback causes a
perturbation to be minimized or reversed
with view to keeping parameter at a set
point
Positive feedback amplification of a
deviation (usually defined end point)