ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

THIS IS THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BODY.

A system is made up of several organs and tissues that work together to carry out a particular job(s). The biceps, triceps and all the other muscles of the body form the muscular system.

Body Systems

The heart, together with other organs such as the blood vessels, form the circulatory system.

Body Systems involved in Sport & The body has several systems Exercise in sport. which are involved
Can you name them? Circulatory Muscular Respiratory Nervous

Digestive

Hormonal

Skeletal

We have already looked at the physiology (function) of the body when we studied the CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY systems. We will now look at the structure of the body, and in particular: 1. BONES 2.FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON 3.JOINTS 4.MUSCLES

BONES

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES AND THE SKELETON ? 1. MOVEMENT 2.PROTECTION of vital organs. 3.THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD in the Bone Marrow. 4.POSTURE

Functions of the Skeleton - Summary

1. Protection The cranium protects the soft tissue of the brain. 2. Movement The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and rotate our body. 3. Blood Production Red blood cells are made in the ribs and limb bones. 4. Support The bones of the legs support the body. 5. Support The vertebrae support the head. 6. Protection The rib cage protects the delicate heart and lungs. 7. Movement The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk, run and sprint.

Protection
The hard nature of bone means that the skeleton can protect the more delicate parts of the body. Examples: The cranium (skull) protects the soft tissue of the brain.

The rib cage protects the delicate heart and lungs.

Support
Without the skeleton, the body would be flabby and shapeless.

Examples: The bones of the legs support the body. The vertebrae support the head.

Movement
The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move when the muscles attached to them contract. Example: The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk, jog and sprint. The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and rotate our body.

Blood Cell Production

Red and white blood cells are made in red bone marrow which is found at the ends of the femur and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae. Femur: Located in the upper part of the leg. Red Bone Marrow Humerus: Located in the upper part of the arm.

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYFUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON

WHAT BONES DO WE NEED TO KNOW AND WHERE THEY ARE SITUATED ? 1. CRANIUM 2.CLAVICLE 3.SCAPULA 4.STERNUM 5.RIBS 6.VERTEBRAL COLUMN 7.HUMERUS

8. RADIUS 9. ULNA 10. ILIUM 11. CARPALS 12. META CARPALS 13. PHALANGES 14. FEMUR 15. PATELLA 16. TIBIA

17. FIBULA 18. TARSALS 19. META TARSALS 20. PHALANGES

THE SKELETON- BONES

PHALANGES

PELVIS

CRANIUM

SPINE

VERTEBRAE

LEG

LOWER ARM

HAND

WRIST

What are Bones made of?

Bones start to grow inside the womb, where they begin as cartilage. As you get older this turns into hard bone by a process called ossification. Bones will only grow properly as long as certain minerals and vitamins are eaten: Vitamin D helps build bone. Calcium is a mineral which helps keep bones strong. Even as a fully-grown adult, the bone structure is always changing, as vitamins and minerals are constantly replaced. A poor diet will result in soft bones, whilst a balanced diet and exercise will make the bones harder. Bone Marrow Cartilage

Periosteum

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ? Bones are classified according to their function.

1. (Protection) FLAT BONES 2.(Protection) IRREGULAR BONES 3.(levers) LONG BONES 4.SHORT BONES CAN YOU PUT THE BONES OF THE SKELETON INTO THESE GROUPS.

WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN The vertebral column is very versatile. It has strength and is flexible. We can use it as a lever and it also protects the spinal chord. We have 12 ribs and it is their job to protect the organs of the chest and the upper abdomen.

The vertebral column consists of 33 bones, or vertebrae, which are divided into 5 groups:

1. 7 in the CERVICAL region which form the neck, and allow a variety of movement. 2. 12 in the THORACIC region. 3. 5 in the LUMBAR region. 4. 5 in the SACRUM 5. 4 in the COCCYX which used to form our tail.

All the vertebrae fit neatly together to protect the spinal chord. Between each vertebrae is an INTERVERTEBRAL disc. These discs are very delicate and if put out of action by slipping out of place or tearing, the patient is said to have slipped a disc.

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYBONES OF THE SKELETON

JOINTS OF THE BODY

JOINT- A place where two or more bones meet. SYNOVIAL JOINTS- in order to prevent pain through the friction that might be caused by the bones rubbing together, the ends of the bones in a SYNOVIAL JOINT are covered with a layer of thick cartilage KNOWN AS HYALINE CARTILAGE.

The cartilage is elastic and this enables it to cushion and therefore protect the ends of the bones involved in the joint. Surrounding a synovial joint is a tough capsule, which is reinforced by LIGAMENTS.

Inside the capsule is a SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE which produces SYNOVIAL FLUID to lubricate the joint.

SYNOVIAL FLUID

There are 3 types of joints:1. IMMOVABLE 2.SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE 3.FREELY MOVEABLE OR SYNOVIAL

There are 6 types of freely moveable or synovial joints joints in which we need to know 3 of them: 1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS 2.HINGE JOINTS 3.PIVOT JOINT 4.CONDYLOID- AS IN WRIST (Movement in 2 planes) 5.GLIDING- AS IN ANKLE AND HAND 6.SADDLE- AS IN THUMB

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYJOINTS OF THE SKELETON

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

HINGE JOINT

HINGE JOINT

CAN YOU PUT THE FOLLOWING JOINTS INTO THE ABOVE CATEGORIES AND NAME A SPORTING ACTION THAT USES THE JOINT ?

1. HIP 2.SHOULDER 3.KNEE 4.ELBOW 5.NECK

KNEE JOINT

WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BE DONE AT A JOINT ? There are 6 principle movements at a joint. Can you name a joint that will perform this movement and give examples in sport where the following movements take place ?

1. FLEXION 2.EXTENSION 3.ABDUCTION 4.ADDUCTION 5.ROTATION 6.CIRCUMDUCTION

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYTYPES OF MOVEMENT

CAN YOU NAME THESE MOVEMENTS?

Name each joint and the movement at it.

REVISION

JOINTS QUIZ