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Migration
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Migration

Migration change.

is

the

third

component

of

population

It is not a biological variable It determines the size and rate of population growth, as well as its structure and characteristics. A migration is defined as a move from one migrationdefining area to another (or a move involving some minimum specified distance) made during a given migration interval involving a change of residence. A migrant is a person who has changed his usual place of residence from one migration-defining area to another (or one who has moved some specified minimum distance) at least once during the migration interval.

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Migration

The United Nations Multilingual Demographic Dictionary defined migration as : is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in residence from the place of origin or place of departure to the place of destination or place of arrival.

Migration

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Gross The

migration

total of the arrivals of immigrants and inmigrants and departures of emigrants and out-migrants is known as gross migration or the volume of migration migration is the difference between the total number of persons who arrive and the total number of persons who leave. Also referred as balance of migration.

Net It

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Migration

involves a change of place of usual residence a taking up of life in a new or different place. concept of migration also covers a change of milieu i.e. environment, along with the change of dwelling place. interval : Though migration occurs more or less continuously over a period of time, it may be definite (for a specific time period) or indefinite (for life time of a population alive at a given point of time.)

The

Migration

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Sources of data
Census Surveys Population

Registers

Methods of Measuring Internal Migration

Direct techniques

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Place of birth Duration of residence Place of last residence Place of residence at a fixed prior date

Indirect techniques

Vital statistics methods Survival ratio methods Migration rate

Direct techniques Place of birth

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Migrants or life-time migrants defined as persons who are enumerated in a place which is different from the place where they were born Non-migrants defined as persons who enumerated in the place where they were born were

In India, if a child born at the home of its mothers parents , by definition becomes a life-time migrant, though for every other purpose he or she is a nonmigrant. Place of birth assumes a single movement from the place of birth to that of enumeration. All persons enumerated at their places of birth are assumed as non-migrants.

Direct techniques Duration of residence

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Migrants on the basis of their duration of residence at the place of enumeration are included and they are categorised as: All who have ever migrated : (a) Those born outside the area of enumeration and (b) those born in the area of enumeration who had at sometime lived outside it (return migrants) While measuring migration question on the duration of account the number of return birth approach we exclude migrants. with the help of the residence, we take into migrants, in the place of the number of return

The return migrants those persons who were born in a given area but who subsequently moved out of that area and later returned to it are categorised as migrants according to the duration of residence

Direct techniques Place of last residence

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The following are the categories : (1) migrants whose place of last residence and place of present residence differ and (2) non-migrants who have never moved outside the area of their place of birth. It identifies all migrants and covers all persons who had migrated at any time during their life-time. It reflects on the direct movement from the place of origin to the place of destination.

Direct techniques Place of residence at a fixed prior date

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Migration interval is clear cut, migration status is determined by a comparison of residence at two definite point in time and a migrant is defined as a person whose residence at the Census date differs from his residence at the specified prior date. It is useful in analyzing current migration and for computing the period migration rate. However, the possibility of inaccuracy in the data due to recall-lapse cannot be ruled out.

Indirect techniques Vital statistics methods

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In a country or a place where reliable information on the birth and death of inhabitants is available, the estimate of a natural increase between two successive census operations can be obtained. The estimates of net migration can be arrived at by subtracting the natural increase from the total population change. It should be remembered that the estimates of net migration obtained by the vital statistics method also include international migration figures.

Indirect techniques Vital statistics methods

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This simple equation to estimate net migration is a form of the balancing equation. Net M = (P1-P0) (B-D) Where, for any given area Net M is the net Migration P0 is the population at the earlier census P1 is the population at the later census B is the number of births in that area during the intercensal period D is the number of deaths which occurred in that area during the same period

Indirect techniques Survival Ratio Method

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It is based on survivorship probabilities obtained from existing life tables. The basic information needed is the age distribution by sex, as enumerated in each area in two successive census operations and a set of survivorship ratios which may be applied to the population of the first census in order to derive an estimate of the number of persons expected to survive to the second census. The differences between the enumerated population at the end of the second census and the expected population is the estimates of net internal migration.

However, both the methods cannot provide estimates of net migration for persons born during the intercensal period.

Indirect techniques Migration Rate

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A migration rate is the number of migrants related to the population that may have migrated during a given migration interval. The migration rate is computed as follows :

M m= k P

where m is the rate of migration for the specified migration interval; M is the number of migrations or the number of persons migrating during the interval; P is the population exposed to the likelihood of migration during the interval (mid-year population);

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Differential Migration

The changes in the age-sex structure of migrants and non-migrants can affect the crude birth and death rates, the rates of labour force participation, the rates of school attendance, etc. Other characteristics of migrants, such as martial status, levels of education, levels of fertility, occupational and ethnic composition, are of interest to various experts in different fields. For understanding the factors which affect migration that is, why some persons move while some others stay back or what distinguishes a person who migrates from one who does not. The important factors which determine selective migration and in turn migration differentials are age, sex, martial status, educational attainment and occupation.

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Differential Migration

Differential Migration by Age Persons in their teens, twenties and early thirties are more migratory than other age groups. (Dorothy Thomas, 1938) Differential Migration by Sex Sex-selectivity in migration is very complex as it depends mainly on the employment opportunity available to each sex and other consideration, such as migration due to marriage. Males were predominately reported among the migrants to Greater Bombay In 1961. 181 males to 100 females among migrants, whereas it was 111 for non-migrants. Rural migration was dominated by females, a pattern

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Differential Migration

Differential Migration by Martial Status Lack of information on the marital status of migrants at the time of migration. Indian rural adult male migrants to cities is married. About half of the female migrants to cities migrated because of marriage. Young married females move to urban areas in search of employment (Latin America) Differential Attainment Migration by Educational

Migrants to Bombay and Calcutta are less educated than non-migrants at the place of destination, but they have a considerably higher average level of

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Internal Migration in India

In each Census since 1881, a question has been asked from each person about his or her place of birth. In 1961, information on the duration of residence at the place of enumeration was also collected. In 1971, a question on the place of last residence was asked, in addition to District and State of birth place. In 1981, reasons for migration were collected. A new response category Moved after birth was included in 2001 Census in the question on reasons for migration to bring out additional migration patterns. Natural calamities or distress migration as a reason for migration for last residence migrants is covered under category of Other.

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Internal Migration in India

A little more than two-thirds of the Indian population had not moved from their place of birth. Factors responsible for immobility of Indian population : predominance of agriculture, caste system, early marriages and joint family system, diversity of languages and culture, lack of education etc. As the scope of migratory movements increases, the percentage of female migrants among the total migrants decreases, and that female migration is to a greater extent short-distance migration, mainly due to marriage.

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Theories of Internal Migration

Push factors 1. Unemployment 2. Low Standard of living 3. Low educational facilities 4. Political Instability 5. Casteism 6. Religious conflicts 7. Poor infrastructural development 8. Partition of a country 9.Environmental hazards wiz. Drought, floods, storms etc. Pull factors 1. Job opportunities 2. High standard of living 3. Better educational facilities 4. Political stability 5. Better infrastructure 6. Well developed transportation network 7. Better health facilities

Everett Lees Conceptual Framework for Migration Analysis

1. Factors associated with the area of origin :

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A person has a better and more realistic knowledge about the place of origin

2. Factors associated with the area of destination

Knowledge about the place of destination is some what superficial and inexact

3. Intervening obstacles

Distance Transportation

4. Personal factors

Individuals perception, individual differences like preference for change of residence