Operational Amplifier

Nearly ideal
High gain high input impedance low output impedance stable Simple for circuit construction

Goals
Learn basic characteristics of operational amplifier. Build and characterize amplifier circuits.
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/741/741.html http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/opamp.htm http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/1.html

Pin Configuration
Notch
Counterclockwise numbering

Input
#2 V-; #3 V+

Output
#6 Vout

Power supply
#4 VDD; #7 +VCC

#1, #5, offset adjustment

Key Characteristics
Output saturation voltages
Output voltage never surpasses power supply Linear amplifier Nonlinear, saturation
Not always bad!

Output impedance limitation

Finite load driving capability

Bandwidth limitation - Slew rate

Finite speed or response time Gain dependent
http://www.amplifier.cd/Tutorial/Slew_Rate/SlewRate.htm

Offset compensation
Cascading

Circuit
Two Input Nodes

What will happen if the output is connected to the non-inverting input?

Dual Power Supply

Set voltages, Limit current

Earth Ground Do NOT use -15 to pin 4 +15 to pin 7

Ground Reference Dont let it dangle

Open Loop

R2 = , R1 = 0 Ground non-inverting input Signal applied to inverting input Differential gain > 10000 Driven into saturation Measure the output impedance with a load resistor - Output reduced by 2

4 VS1000Hz 1V 2 3 BAL2 BAL1 VS+ 7 1

U1

V1

6 5 741-DIV

Waveform
Vsat

Unit Gain Amplifier

Connect output to inverting input - Do not ground the inverting input Signal applied to non-inverting input Gain = 1 How fast can the output change? - Slew rate, V / t; around 0.6 V/sec

4 VS2 V1 1000Hz 1V 3 BAL2 BAL1 VS+ 7 1

U1

6 5 741-DIV

Are inverting and non-inverting input ports symmetric? What will happen when there is a feedback from output to non-inverting input?

Waveform

Slew Rate

Inverting Amplifier

Feedback R2 Ground pin 3 Virtual ground at pin 2 Input impedance > R1, R2 Output impedance < R1, R2 Av = - R2 / R1

Waveform

Bode Plot

Frequency Response

Gain vs. frequency plot Amplify to DC -3dB frequency Higher gain, less bandwidth Gain bandwidth product

Non-Ideal Characteristics
Offset
DC input is zero but output is not zero Adjust using pins 1 and 5
10 k 1 k

DM

10 k pot -15 V

Non-Ideal Characteristics
Finite input impedance
Leakage current Symmetric input
100 k V1 1 M

Common mode rejection ratio

Differential input
Gain

+
V2 100 k 1 M

Vout

Common input
No gain
http://www.mines.edu/Academic/courses/physics/phgn217/lab8/lect13/sld001.htm

Circuit to Build

Measurements
Saturation voltages Output impedance Slew rate Gain vs frequency
Bandwidth and gain correlation In cascaded amplifiers, how to optimize the bandwidth?

Output offset before and after adjustment

Variations of Op Amp Circuit

Non-inverting amplifier

Applications of Op Amp
Microphone pick up Audio amplifier Active filters Log amplifier Laser or LED driver 100 k 1 M
Vin Twin T Filter 0.1 F 10 k

+
100 k

Vout

C R 2C

C R

Vin

Vout

Review
Pin assignments Inverting input versus non-inverting input Typical saturation voltage, output impedance, and slew rate How to build an inverting amplifier? How to adjust the gain? Is the bandwidth gain dependent?
Gain bandwidth product

Challenges
Can the operational amplifier be operated with a single power supply? Can you build a summing amplifier or a subtracting amplifier? What is the instrumentation amplifier? Can you build one by using 741s?

Circuit Simulations