Chapter 9

Acids and Bases

Ionization of Water
The pH Scale

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 Ionization of Water

Occasionally, in water, a H+ is transferred

between H2O molecules
.. .. .. ..
H:O: + :.O.:H H:O:H + + :O :H-
.. .. ..
H H H
water molecules hydronium hydroxide
ion (+) ion (-)
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 Pure Water is Neutral

Pure water contains small, but equal

amounts of ions: H3O+ and OH-

H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-

hydronium hydroxide
H 3O + OH- ion ion
1 x 10-7 M 1 x 10-7 M
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 Ion Product of Water Kw

[ ] = Molar concentration

Kw = [ H3O+ ] [ OH- ]

= [ 1 x 10-7 ][ 1 x 10-7 ]

= 1 x 10-14
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 Acids
Increase H+

HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

More [H3O+] than water > 1 x 10-7M

 As H3O+ increases, OH- decreases

[H3O+] > [OH-] H 3O +

OH-
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 Bases
Increase the hydroxide ions (OH-)
H2 O
NaOH (s) Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)
More [OH-] than water, [OH-] > 1 x 10-7M
 When OH- increases, H3O+ decreases
[OH− ] > [H3O+]
OH-
H 3O +
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 Using Kw

The [OH- ] of a solution is 1.0 x 10- 3 M. What

is the [H3O+]?
Kw = [H3O+ ] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14

[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14

[OH-]

[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 1.0 x 10-11 M

1.0LecturePLUS
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 Learning Check pH1

The [H3O+] of lemon juice is 1.0 x 10-3 M.

What is the [OH-] of the solution?
1) 1.0 x 103 M
2) 1.0 x 10-11 M
3) 1.0 x 1011 M

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 Solution pH1

The [H3O+] of lemon juice is 1.0 x 10- 3 M.

What is the [OH-]?

[OH- ] = 1.0 x 10 -14 = 1.0 x 10-11 M

1.0 x 10 - 3

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 Using the Calculator

1.0 x 10 -14
4.0 x 10-5

Enter 1.0 EE +/- 14 ÷ 4.0 EE +/- 5

= 2.5 x 10 -10

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 Learning Check pH2

The [OH-] of a solution is 5 x 10 -5 M.

What is the [H3O+ ] of the solution?

1) 2 x 10- 5 M
2) 1 x 1010 M
3) 2 x 10-10 M

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 Solution pH2

The [OH-] of a water solution is 5 x 10-5 M.

What is the [H3O+] in the solution?

[ H3O+] = 1.0 x 10 -14

5 x 10- 5
On some calculators:
1.0 EE +/- 14 ÷ 5 EE +/- 5 = 2 x 10 -10 M
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 Learning Check pH3

A.The [OH-] when [H3O+ ] of 1 x 10- 4 M

1) 1 x 10-6 M
2) 1 x 10-8 M
3) 1 x 10-10 M
B.The [H3O+] when [OH- ] of 5 x 10-9 M
1) 1 x 10- 6 M
2) 2 x 10- 6 M
3) 2 x 10-7 M
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 Solution pH3

Kw = [H3O+ ][OH-] = 1.0 x 10 14

A. (3) [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10 -14 = 1.0 x 10 -10

1.0 x 10- 4

B. (2) [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10 -14 = 2 x 10 - 6

5 x 10- 9
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 pH

 Indicates the acidity [H3O+] of the solution

 pH = - log [H3O+]
 From the French pouvoir hydrogene
(“hydrogen power” or power of
hydrogen)

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 pH

In the expression for [H3O+]

1 x 10-exponent

the exponent = pH

[H3O+] = 1 x 10-pH M
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 pH Range

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acidic Basic

Neutral
[H+]>[OH ] -
[H+] = [OH-] [OH-]>[H ] +

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 Some [H3O+] and pH

[H3O+] pH
1 x 10-5 M 5
1 x 10-9 M 9
1 x 10-11 M 11

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 pH of Some Common Acids

gastric juice 1.0

lemon juice 2.3
vinegar 2.8
orange juice 3.5
coffee 5.0
milk 6.6
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 pH of Some Common Bases

blood 7.4
tears 7.4
seawater 8.4
milk of magnesia 10.6
household ammonia 11.0
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 Learning Check pH4

A. The [H3O+] of tomato juice is 1 x 10-4 M.

What is the pH of the solution?
1) - 4 2) 4 3) 8
B. The [OH-] of an ammonia solution is
1 x 10-3 M. What is the pH of the solution?
1) 3 2) 11 3) -11

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 Solution pH4

A. pH = - log [ 1 x 10-4] = -(- 4) = 4

B. [H3O+] = 1 x 10-11

pH = - log [ 1 x 10- 11] = -(- 11) = 11

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 Learning Check pH5

The pH of a soap is 10. What is the

[H3O+] of the soap solution?

1) 1 x 10 - 4 M
2) 1 x 1010 M
3) 1 x 10 - 10 M
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 Solution pH5

The pH of a soap is 10. What is the

[H3O+] of the soap solution?

[H3O+] = 1 x 10-pH M
= 1 x 10-10 M

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 pH on the Calculator

[H3O+] is 4.5 x 10-6 M

pH = 4.5 x EXP(or EE) 6+/- LOG +/-

= 5.35

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 Learning Check pH6

A soap solution has a [H3O+] = 2 x 10-8 M.

What is the pH of the solution?

1) 8
2) 7.7
3) 6
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 Solution pH6

A soap solution has a [H3O+] = 2.0 x

10-8 M. What is the pH of the solution?

B) 2.0 EE 8 +/- LOG +/- = 7.7

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 Learning Check pH7
Identify each solution as
1. acidic 2. basic 3. neutral
A. _____ HCl with a pH = 1.5
B. _____ Pancreatic fluid [H+] = 1 x 10-8 M
C. _____ Sprite soft drink pH = 3.0
D. _____ pH = 7.0
E. _____ [OH- ] = 3 x 10-10 M
F. _____ [H+ ] = 5 x 10-12
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 Solution pH7
Identify each solution as
1. acidic 2. basic 3. neutral
A. _1__ HCl with a pH = 1.5
B. _2__ Pancreatic fluid [H+] = 1 x 10-8 M
C. _1__ Sprite soft drink pH = 3.0
D. _3__ pH = 7.0
E. _1__ [OH-] = 3 x 10-10 M
F. _2__ [H+] = 5 x 10-12
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 Acid Rain

Unpolluted rain has a pH of 5.6

Rain with a pH below 5.6 is “acid rain“
CO2 in the air forms carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Adds to H+ of rain
H2CO3 H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq)
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 Sources of Acid Rain

Power stations
Oil refineries
Coal with high S content
Car and truck emissions
Bacterial decomposition, and lighting
hitting N2

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 SO2 26 million tons in 1980
NO and NO2 22 million tons in 1980
Mt. St Helens (1980) 400,000 tons SO2

Reactions with oxygen in air form SO3

2SO2 + O2 2 SO3

Reactions with water in air form acids

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 sulfuric acid
NO + H2O HNO2 nitrous acid
HNO2 + H2O HNO nitric acid
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 Effects of Acid Rain

Leaches Al from soil, which kills fish

Fish kills in spring from runoff due to
accumulation of large amounts of acid in
snow
Dissolves waxy coatings that protect leaves
from bacteria
Corrodes metals, textiles, paper and leather
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