GLASS

Glass
Prepared By:
Afshan Hussain
 INTRODUCTION

 A homogeneous material with a random

liquid like [non crystalline] molecular
structure.
 Its hard, brittle and transparent.
 HISTORY OF GLASS

 The first glass objects were natural glass

such as obsidian and rock crystal.
 The manufactured glass dates from pre-
historic times in the far East India and
Egypt.
 PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS OF
GLASS

 Contents of Glass:
– Silica
– Potash or Soda
– Chalk [lime].
In order to improve certain properties of glass
other constituents like lead oxide, manganese
dioxide, coloring substances etc may also be
added while manufacturing glass.
 COMPOSITION OF GLASS

 Not a single compound.

 Very difficult to give any particular chemical
formula.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS
 Very hard substance when solid
 Extremely brittle
 Transparent, semi-transparent or translucent
 Low thermal conductivity
 High co-efficient of expansion
 Posses high resistively and electric strength at
normal temperature
 Can be welded by fusion
 Can absorb, refract and transmit light
 Good heat and sound insulating material in the
form of glass wool
Continued:

 Takes high polish.

 Gets effected by alkali solutions, making
the glass surface turbid.
 Can be fabricated into articles of any
shape.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLASS

 Soda lime glass

 Potash lime glass
 Potash lead glass
 Common glass
 SODA LIME GLASS

 Also known as soda glass or soft glass. Its mainly a

mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate.

 PROPERTIES
 Available in clean and clear state
 It is cheap
 Easily fusible at comparatively low temperature

 USES
 In the manufacture of glass tubes and other laboratory
apparatus, plate glass, window glass etc.
 POTASH LIME GLASS
 Also known as bohemian glass or hard glass. Its
mainly a mixture of potassium silicate and calcium
silicate.

 PROPERTIES
 Fuses at high temperature
 Not easily affected by water and other solvents
 Does not melt so easily

 USES
 Used in manufacture of glass articles which have to
with stand temperature such as combustion tubes etc.
 POTASH LEAD GLASS
 Also known as flint glass. Mainly a mixture of
potassium silicate and lead silicate.

 PROPERTIES
 Fuses very easily
 Easily attacked by aqueous solution
 Turns black and opaque if it comes in contact with
reducing gases of the furnace during heating

 USES
 In manufacture of artificial gems, electric bulbs,
lenses, prisms etc.
 COMMON GLASS
 Also known as bottle glass. Prepared from cheap raw
materials. Mainly a mixture of sodium silicate, calcium
silicate and iron silicate.

 PROPERTIES
 Fuses with difficulty
 Brown, green or yellow in color
 Easily attacked by acids

 USES
 Used in manufacture of medicine bottles.
 DIFFERENT USES OF GLASS
 Windows
 Containers – bottles and jars
 Laboratory glass wart
 Cooking utensils
 Light bulbs
 TV tubes
 Optical instruments
 Glass fiber
 Wash basins
 Furniture glass etc…
VARIOUS TREATMENT OF GLASS

 Bending
 Cutting
 Opaque making
 Silvering
 BENDING

 Glass may be bent into desired shape by

placing it in ovens.
 CUTTING

 Glass is cut in required sizes the help of

diamond or rough glasses or small
wheels of hardened steel.
 OPAQUE MAKING

 Glass can be made opaque by:

– Grinding the glass surface with energy.
– Achieved chemically by the application of
hydrofluoric acid.
 SILVERING

 Applying a very thin coat of tin.

 The silver is deposited on this layer.
 A suitable paint is then applied to give
protection against the atmospheric
effects.
 COLURED GLASS
 To make colored glass, the coloring pigment is
added to the raw materials while preparing the
batch for its manufacture. The whole mass is
heated till it becomes homogeneous. Different
quantities of the same substance may also
impart different color to the glass. Colored
glass is used for decorative purpose and is
available in red, blue, white, violet, yellow and
green color.
 ANNEALING
 The glass articles after being
manufactured are to be cooled down
slowly and gradually. The process
ofslow and homogeneous cooling of
glass articles is known as annealing of
glass. It is an important process. The two
methods of annealing are
Flue treatment
Oven treatment
 MIRROR

 It is a polished surface with a reflective

coating of silver deposited on the back.
The basic three types of mirror are
concave, convex and plane mirror.
 Mirrors are used for decorative purposes
also. In interiors mirror play an important
role in changing the outlook of a room.
 THICKNESS OF GLASS

 A glass thickness of 4mm is the proven

standard for achieving the requisite
breaking strength.
 A thickness of 5mm is recommended for
edge areas exposed.
 DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF
 Bullet proof glassGLASS
 Fiber glass
 Foam glass
 Glass blocks
 Heat excluding glass
 Obscured glass
 Perforated glass
 Safety glass
 Shielding glass
 Soluble glass
 Structural glass
 Ultra violet ray glass
 Wired glass
 BULLET PROOF GLASS

 Bullet resistant glass is constructed of

laminated glass layers and is built from
glass sheets bounded together with
polyvinyl butyral or polyurethane.
 FIBRE GLASS
 It is composed of minute glass rods and
each glass rod resembles the parent
material.
 Is soft to touch and it is flexible in
nature.
 Does not absorb water and it is fire
proof.
 Can be prepared either in the form of
continuous strands or in the staple form
just like wool.
 Is used as a reinforcing agent for many
polymers products.
 FLOAT GLASS
 The molten glass coming out of the
furnace is allowed to float on the molten
tin. The glass thus is formed is known as
float glass and it is then further annealed
to remove all the smashes.
 It is widely used for residential building,
commercial, complex, furniture articles
etc.
 It is superior to ordinary sheet glass. It is
also suitable for fixed and opening
windows above waist height.
 FOAM GLASS

 It is made when finely ground glass and

carbon is mixed and the mixture is
melted in furnace.
 It floats in water and it can be cut like
wood.
 It is a fire proof and a good insulator
also.
 It can also be used for refrigerators.
 GLASS BLOCKS
 These are partially evacuated and completely
sealed hollow units which are formed by fusing
together two – halves of pressed glass. The
edges are coated with a grit bearing plastic
material so that permanent and effective bond
with the mortar is ensured. It is used as an
architectural element in underground parking
garages, washrooms, municipal swimming
baths and other areas where privacy or visual
obstruction is desired while admitting light.
 HEAT EXCLUDING GLASS

 This glass allows light to pass through it,

but eliminates heat.
 It is used for windows of coaches of
higher class in railways, in window
panels of important buildings etc.
 OBSCURED GLASS

 Obscured glass is produced by the acid

etching of clear sheet glass or sand
blasting.
 It has the effect of rendering the glass
translucent, obscuring the view while
still passing light.
 PERFORATED GLASS

 In this type of glass, the perforations are

made in sheet glass with the help of
rollers.
 The perforations may be made during the
manufacture or after the manufacture. It
is used for panels in ventilators.
 SAFETY GLASS

 This glass is formed by placing celluloid

between two sheets of the plate glass
and then applying glue to make a single
unit. If glass breaks the flying of
splinters does not occur. It is also known
as the shatter proof glass.
 SHIELDING GLASS
 This is a special variety of glass and it
contains heavy elements like lead oxide
etc.
 It is used for windows through which
high radiation is observed. Depending
upon the type of radiation is observed,
the quality of shielding glass is
determined.
 SOLUBLE GLASS

 It is prepared by melting quartz sand

grinding and thoroughly mixing it with
soda ash, sodium sulphate or potassium
carbonate.
 This glass under normal conditions is
soluble in water and is a form of silicate
lumps.
 STRUCTURAL GLASS
 These are in the form of glass - crete squares
or lenses which are set in cement concrete and
reinforced with steel frames. Popularly known
as the glass bricks.
 The semi-prisms formed on the underside of
these bricks collect light and project it on the
other dark side.
 These bricks can be used as light structural
members also. They are widely used for
pavement lights, partitions, lantern lights etc.
 ULTRA VIOLET RAY GLASS
 This glass transmits effectively ultra
violet rays even though it is not in the
direction of the rays of sun.
 It is made from the raw mixture with
minimum admixtures of iron, titanium
and chrome. Such a glass transmits 75%
of ultra violet radiation which is far more
than common glass.
 Widely used in windows of schools,
hospitals etc.
 WIRED GLASS

 In this glass a wire mesh is placed in

glass during the rolling operation.
 If this glass breaks the pieces of glass
are held together in place by the wire.
 It is also fire resistant and is used for
roofs, skylight and fire doors.
ANY QUERIES…???
Thank You:
Afshan Hussain
Roll No. :
IIFD