Contents

Introduction Application of integration in real world Why digital implementation Integration over discrete signal Proposed Work

Introduction
Integration is area under the GRAPH

in
T0 T1 T2

Integrator circuit

out
T0 T1 T2

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

Application of integrator in real world

Radar signal processing Control system Bio-medical engineering Sigma-delta modulation [1] [1] [1] [4]

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

Why digital implementation

The flatness achievable with analog filters is limited by the accuracy of their resistors and capacitor hence ripple in pass band of analog filter can be 6% while in digital filter it reduces to 0.02% [2a] Roll-off and stopband attenuation is very high in digital filter [2b]

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

 A digital filters are programmable. Digital filters are extremely stable with respect to time and temperature. Digital filters can handle low frequency signals accurately. Digital filter can be interfaced to a small computer like mobiles, modems etc.

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

Integration over discrete signal

It requires the same principal as analog integration i.e. it calculates area under graph.
Newton-Cotes Method Rectangle Rule

Algorithm to find integration

Simpsons Rule

Trapezoidal rule

Rombergs Rule

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

Newton Cotes Method

Rectangle Rule

[5]

Trapezoidal Rule

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

Simpson Rule

[6]

In Simpsons rule error is lower than Newton Cotes method

Application of integration in real world Why digital implementation Integration over discrete signal

Introduction

Proposed work

Rombergs Rule for integration

It Calculates the area under graph using composite trapezoidal rule Transform the calculated area in recursive way(Get the difference eq.) Take the Z transform of Difference eq. and get Transfer Fn

Proposed work

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

 This Rombergs rule uses fractional delay filter which again can be realize using Either FIR or IIR approach [3] Hence Romberg rule calculates the integration and has even lower error than Simpsons rule

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

Required Tools: MATLAB will be used for verification of transfer fn. Xilinx ISE will be used to simulate architecture of digital filter.

Introduction

Application of integration in real world

Why digital implementation

Integration over discrete signal

Proposed work

References
1)C.-C. Tseng: Digital integrator design using Simpson rule and fractional delay filter , IEE Proc.-Vis. Image Signal Process., Vol. 153, No. 1, February 2006 2)a)http://www.scribd.com/doc/6250406/Analog-vs-Digital-Filter (page no.343) b)http://www.scribd.com/doc/6250406/Analog-vs-Digital-Filter (page no.345) 3) M.A. Al-Alaoui: Using fractional delay to control the magnitudes and phases of integrators and differentiators, IET Signal Process., Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2007 4) St. A. Jantzi, W. M. Snelgrove, P. F. Ferguson, 'A Fourth-Order Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulator', IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 28, No. 3,pp. 282-291, March 1993 5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_integration 6) Daene C. McKinney: Numerical Methods for Civil Engineers