Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Operating Systems and File Management
ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology
Chapter Contents
Section A: Operating System Basics Section B: Todays Operating Systems Section C: File Basics Section D: File Management Section E: Backup Security
True/False Questions
An operating system manages a computers resources such as the processor, RAM, and storage space. Multithreading provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously. GUI stands for graphic usability icons. A bootstrap program is a popular type of application software. During a computing session, the operating system is executed from RAM.
ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology 3

The Windows kernel is the same as the Mac OS kernel. Macs featured a graphical user interface before PCs. Boot Camp is a dual boot utility for Macs. Mac files have a data fork and a resource fork. Fedora, Mandrivia, and SUSE are Linux distributions. A disk partition is basically a folder.

A file specification is also called a path. Windows Explorer is a file management utility. Disks are formatted into tracks and sectors. Time Machine is synchronization software used for backup on Macs. To repopulate a new hard disk from an incremental backup, you have to first restore a full backup. A boot disk contains a complete copy of your computers hard disk as it existed when the computer was new.
Operating System Basics

Operating System Activities User Interfaces The Boot Process
Question
A computer handles many tasks simultaneously. Which one of the following refers to the processors ability to handle multiple tasks, rather than the operating systems ability to do so? A. Multi-core B. Multitasking C. Multithreading D. Multiprocessing
Operating System Activities

An operating system is a type of system
software that acts as the master controller for all activities that take place within a computer system

Multitasking provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously Within a single program, multithreading allows multiple parts, or threads, to run simultaneously An operating systems multiprocessing capability supports a division of labor among all the processing units

Operating System Categories

Single-user operating system Multiuser operating system Server operating system Desktop operating system
11
User Interfaces
The combination of hardware and
software that helps people and computers communicate with each other
12
User Interfaces
Menus, submenus, and dialog boxes
13
The Boot Process

During the boot process, the operating
system kernel is loaded into RAM
The kernel provides essential operating system services
Your computers small bootstrap program
is built into special ROM circuitry housed in the computers system unit
14
The Boot Process
15
Todays Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows Mac OS UNIX and Linux DOS Handheld Operating Systems
16
Question
Todays popular operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and Google Chrome. Each has strengths and weaknesses that are important to understand. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Google Chrome is built on the Windows kernel, so it is ideal for netbooks because it has good resistance to malware. B. If you dont like the user interface for Windows but want to run the vast variety of Windows software, you can install Linux. C. Linux and Mac OS have a reputation for being more stable than Windows. D. Windows includes software called Boot Camp that allows PCs to boot into different operating systems, such as Mac OS, Linux, Chrome, and Android.
Microsoft Windows
18
Mac OS
You can tell when youre using Mac OS by the Apple logo that appears on the menu bar. The Mac OS X interface includes all the standard elements of a GUI, including icons, menus, windows, and taskbars.
19
Mac OS
On a Macintosh computer with Boot Camp, you can boot into Mac OS X or into Windows.
20
Mac OS
Mac OS X on an Intel Mac offers the
ability to run Windows and Windows application software in addition to software designed for the Macintosh

Dual boot Virtual machine
21
UNIX and Linux

The UNIX operating system was
developed in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Labs
Dependable in multiuser environments
Linux is an operating system distributed
along with its source code under the terms of a GPL (General Public License)
A Linux distribution is a download that contains the Linux kernel, system utilities, applications, and an installation routine
UNIX and Linux
Linux users can choose from several graphical interfaces. Pictured here is the popular Ubuntu graphical desktop.
23
DOS
Disk Operating System First operating system that many used
24
Handheld Operating Systems
25
File Basics

File Names and Extensions File Directories and Folders File Formats
26
Question
Suppose a friend sends you a file called Twain.dll. From the file name, what can you deduce? A. That it is a word processing document, probably about Mark Twain. B. That you should be able to open it using Microsoft Word. C. That the file extension makes it a virus. D. That it is a support program file, perhaps part of the device driver for your scanner.
File Names and Extensions

You must adhere to file-naming
conventions when saving files

Maximum length Prohibited characters No reserved words Case sensitivity
File extensions are usually
related to the file format
Native file format

File Directories and Folders
To designate a files location, you must first specify the device where the file is stored The main hard disk usually is referred to as Drive C A disk partition is a section of hard disk drive that is treated as a separate storage unit Partitions can be assigned drive letters Partitions are not the same as folders
29
File Directories and Folders
An operating system maintains a directory for each disk, tape, CD, DVD, BD, or USB flash drive Root directory Subdirectory Depicted as folders A computers file location is defined by a file specification, or path
30
File Formats
A file format refers to the organization and
layout of data that is stored in a file The format of a file usually includes a header, data, and possibly an end-of-file marker
A file header is a section of data at the beginning of a file that contains information about a file
A file extension does not really define the
format of a file
File Formats
A software application can open files that exist in its native file format, plus several additional file formats
32
File Formats
An easy way to convert a file from one format to another is to open it with an application that supports both file formats, and then use the Save As dialog box to select an alternative file format.
33
File Management

Application-based File Management File Management Utilities File Management Metaphors Windows Explorer File Management Tips Physical File Storage
34
Question
Before donating your computer to a charitable organization, you can make sure your personal data cannot be accessed from the hard disk by: A. Deleting any files that contain personal data. B. Deleting files containing personal data and then emptying the Recycle Bin or Trash. C. Deleting all the files and folders on your computers hard disk. D. Deleting all files and folders and then using file shredder software.
Application-based File Management
Applications typically provide a way to open files and save them in a specific folder on a storage device
36
Application-based File Management
The Save As command of most Windows applications uses the operating systems file management utility, so you can carry out a wide variety of file and folder tasks such as creating, renaming, and ITD12103 - Introduction to Informationdeleting files. Technology 37
File Management Utilities

File
management utilities show you the files stored on your disks and help you work with them
38
File Management Metaphors

Storage metaphors help you visualize and
mentally organize the files on your disks
Logical storage models
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Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer makes it easy to drill down through the levels of the directory hierarchy to locate a folder or file.
40
Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer allows you to manipulate files and folders in the following ways: Rename Copy Move Delete
41
File Management Tips

Use descriptive names Maintain file extensions Group similar files Organize your folders from the top down Consider using the default folders Do not mix data files and program files
42
File Management Tips

Dont store files in the root directory Access files from the hard disk Follow copyright rules Delete or archive files you no longer need Be aware of storage locations Back up
43
Physical File Storage

The physical storage model describes
what happens on the disks and in the circuits
Storage media must be formatted before it can store files

Formatting utilities divide the disk into tracks and sectors
44

CDs and DVDs can be created using mastering or packet-writing techniques. Mastering creates discs that can be used more reliably on a wide variety of computers and standalone players. Packet writing is more flexible for disks that you plan to use only on your own computer.

The file system
keeps track of the names and locations of files
NTFS
Master File Table (MFT)
FAT32
File Allocation Table (FAT)

Deleting a file changes the status of that
files clusters to empty and removes the file name from the index file

The files data is still there File shredder software overwrites empty sectors with random 1s and 0s
Files in the Windows Recycle Bin and
similar utilities can be undeleted


Fragmented files are stored in
noncontiguous clusters and decrease performance Defragmentation utilities rearrange files so that they are stored in contiguous clusters
48
Backup Security

Backup Basics File Copies and Synchronization System Synchronization File and System Backup Bare-metal Restore and Virtual Machines
49
Question
Copying important data files from your computers hard disk to an optical disk or flash drive is a simple way to back up data. It is not a total backup solution, however. Why not? A. You cannot restore these files to a new hard disk without the activation codes. B. The backup is bootable, but it wont start your computer if the hard disk fails. C. You have not backed up your programs or your personal settings. D. You have not backed up the restore points needed to reconfigure the Windows Registry for a new hard disk.
Backup Basics
A backup stores the files needed to
recover data thats been wiped out by operator error, viruses, or hardware failures
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Backup Basics
Your backup schedule depends on how
much data you can afford to lose You should run an up-to-date virus check as the first step in your backup routine The backup device you select depends on the value of your data, your current equipment, and your budget
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Backup Basics
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File Copies and Synchronization

Unique files are difficult to reproduce Manually copying and pasting requires you to select the files and destination device each time File synchronization software ensures that files in two or more locations contain the same data Originated with PDA To restore from a data file backup, you simply copy files from your backup to your hard disk
54
File Copies and Synchronization
55
System Synchronization
Backs up all files and system software on
your computer
Time Machine
The number of backups depends on the
capacity of your backup drive, and the frequency at which you make changes
56
File and System Backup
57
File and System Backup

A full backup makes a fresh copy of every file in the folders youve specified for the backup A differential backup makes a backup of only those files that were added or changed since your last full backup session An incremental backup makes a backup of the files that were added or changed since the last backup not necessarily the files that changed from the last full backup Most experts recommend that you keep more than one set of backups
System Backup
59
Bare-Metal Restore and Virtual Machines

Restoring a Windows computer usually
requires several steps A bare-metal restore restores the computer in a single step A disk image is a bit-by-bit copy of the data from all sectors of a disk
60
Bare-Metal Restore and Virtual Machines

Mac users can depend on Time
Machine Windows users can take the following steps:

File backups Restore points Recovery disks System backup


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Chapter 3

Operating Systems and File Management

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Operating System Basics

Operating System Activities User Interfaces The Boot Process

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Operating System Activities

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Operating System Activities

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Operating System Activities

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology 10

Operating System Activities

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

The Boot Process

system kernel is loaded into RAM

The kernel provides essential operating system services

Your computers small bootstrap program

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

The Boot Process

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Todays Operating Systems

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Dual boot Virtual machine

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

UNIX and Linux

developed in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Labs

Dependable in multiuser environments

Linux is an operating system distributed

UNIX and Linux

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Handheld Operating Systems

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

File Names and Extensions

conventions when saving files

Maximum length Prohibited characters No reserved words Case sensitivity

File extensions are usually

related to the file format

Native file format

File Directories and Folders

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

File Directories and Folders

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

A file extension does not really define the

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Application-based File Management

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

Application-based File Management

File Management Utilities

ITD12103 - Introduction to Information Technology

File Management Metaphors

mentally organize the files on your disks