Communication

Technologies
Modulation and Multiplexing

Week #3
ICS 620
 Overview

• Frequency Spectrum
• Modulation techniques
• Multiplexing--TDM vs FDM
• Multiple Access
• Signal formats
 The Bands
3KHz 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz 3THz

Submillimeter
Far

Range
ELF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Infra-
Red

Radio Optical
300 m 1500nm

1PetaHz 1ExaHz
O Y B I V
Near R r e
G
r n i
a l l d o
Infra- e n l
e
u i l Ultraviolet X-Ray
g o e g e
Red d e w n e o t

700nm 600nm 500nm 400nm

 Frequency Spectrum

• Limited resource
• Managed
• WARC
• FCC
• Bands
 Modulation Techniques

• Amplitude Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation
• Pulse Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation
• Uses a higher frequency
carrier
• Most efficient use of
frequency
• Time and Frequency Domain
• Susceptible to Noise
 Most Efficient Use of
Frequency
• Maximum frequency required
is:
• Twice baseband
• Just baseband (special
conditions)
Higher Frequency Carrier
Signal

time

Carrier

time
 Higher Frequency Carrier

Power Spectral Density

watts

Carrier
Signal

frequency
Baseband
Time Domain
Signal

time

Carrier

time
Time Domain Continued

time
Detection of Signal

time

time
 Frequency Domain
watts
Unmodulated

Carrier
Signal

frequency
Baseband

watts
Modulated
Carrier
Signal

frequency
Baseband Baseband
Spectrum of AM signal
Susceptible to Noise

time
 Antenna

Carrier Signal Low-Power Final Amplifier

Oscillator Amplifier

Information Modulation
Signal Device

Simple block diagram of

AM modulation
 Single Sideband (SSB)
 Variant of AM is single sideband (SSB)
 Sends only one sideband
 Eliminates other sideband and carrier
 Advantages
 Only half the bandwidth is required
 Less power is required
 Disadvantages
 Suppressed carrier can’t be used for
synchronization purposes
 Frequency Modulation

• Uses a higher frequency

carrier
• Usually more bandwidth
• Time and Frequency Domain
• Resistant to some Noise
Time Domain
Signal

time

Carrier

time
Time Domain

time
 Frequency Domain
watts
Unmodulated

Carrier
Signal

frequency
Baseband

watts
Modulated
Carrier
Signal

frequency
Resistant to Some Noise

time
 Phase Modulation
• Uses a higher frequency
carrier
• Fairly efficient use of
frequency
• Time and Frequency Domain
• Used mainly for data
 Time Domain
(Instantaneous View)
Unmodulated Carrier

Modulated Carrier

Phase
Input
Phase Shift Keying
0O 90O 180O 270O

Time Plot
 Pulse Modulation

• Uses the sampling rate

• PAM
• PDM, PWM
• PPM
• PCM
 Starts with Sampling

Volts

time
 PAM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Volts

time
 PDM (a.k.a. PWM)
Pulse Duration Modulation (Pulse Width Modulation)

Volts

time

time
min = largest Negative
max = largest Positive
 PPM
Pulse Position Modulation

Volts

time

time
min = largest Negative
max = largest Positive
 Pulse Code Modulation
■ By quantizing the PAM pulse, original
signal is only approximated
■ Leads to quantizing noise
■ Signal-to-noise ratio for quantizing noise

SNR dB = 20 log 2 + 1.76 dB = 6.02n + 1.76 dB

n

■ Thus, each additional bit increases SNR by

6 dB, or a factor of 4
 PCM
Pulse Code Modulation

8 8
Volts 5

-2 -1 time
-7
-9

01000 01000 10010 11001 10001 00101 10111

time
 Multiplexing
■ Frequency Division
Multiplexing
–Separate each baseband
signal into a discrete band
–Uses AM-SSB/SC to position
each baseband
Frequency Division Multiplexing
1
frequency
2
frequency
3
frequency
4

frequency

1 2 3 4

frequency
 Multiplexing

• Time Division Multiplexing

• Separate each digital
baseband into discrete time
slots
• Cyclical in nature
Time Division Multiplexing

Rotation Analogy
 FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access

Chan D
Frequency

Chan C

Chan B

Chan A

Time
 TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
Frequency

Chan B

Chan A

Time
 CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access

Code
Fr
eq
ue
nc
y

Time
 Summary
• Frequency Spectrum
• Modulation techniques--AM,
FM, Phase, and Pulse
Modulation
• Multiplexing--TDM vs FDM