Folded Dipole Yagi-Uda Log-Periodic

Folded Dipole Antenna

Dipole Antenna

Folded Dipole Antenna

Dipole Antenna

Folded Dipole Antenna

Folded Dipole Antenna

Design
L = 143/f

where: L is in meters f is in MHz

L = 468/f

where: L is in feet f is in MHz

Folded Dipole Antenna

Design
folded dipole uses a 300 ohm balanced feeder line elements can be any conductor from simple wires to copper or

aluminum tubing tips of the antenna are folded back until they almost meet at the feedpoint, such that the antenna comprises one entire wavelength

Folded Dipole Antenna

Design

Where: d1 is the conductor diameter for the feed arm of the dipole d2 is the conductor diameter for the non-fed arm of the dipole S is the distance between the conductors r is the step up ratio

Folded Dipole Antenna

Voltage and Current

Folded Dipole Antenna

Description
a dipole antenna whose outer ends are folded back and

joined together at the center; the impedance is about 300 ohms, as compared to 70 ohms for a single-wire dipole;

Folded Dipole Antenna

Application
used in the simple FM dipole antennas that can be bought to

use as temporary FM broadcast antennas used within other larger antennas such as the Yagi. used to raise the impedance to a suitable value well matched to 300-Ohm balanced transmission lines widely used with television and frequency-modulation receivers.

Folded Dipole Antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna
The Elements of a Yagi
The Driven Element

where feed point is located and where the feed line is attached from the transmitter to the Yagi to perform the transfer of power from the transmitter to the antenna

resonant when the electrical length is 1/2 of the wavelength, for the used frequency, applied to the feed point

Yagi-Uda Antenna
The Elements of a Yagi
Parasitic Elements
- element that is not directly connected to the feed line - elements used for the purpose of obtaining directional power gain - reradiate power which they receive from the driven element
Directors Reflectors

Yagi-Uda Antenna
The Elements of a Yagi
Parasitic Elements
Directors

slightly higher in frequency than the driven element length is 5% shorter progressively than the driven element used to provide the antenna with directional pattern and gain

Yagi-Uda Antenna
The Elements of a Yagi
Parasitic Elements
Reflector

protect the antenna against the parasitic signals coming from the rear resonant frequency is lower and length is 5% longer than the driven element the spacing will be between .1 and .25 wavelength Prevents antenna from sending backward

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design
Yagi-Uda antennas due to the complex relationships between physical parameters such as element length, spacing, and diameter, and performance characteristics such as gain and input impedance. Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi-Uda_antenna

There are no simple formulas for designing

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines
typical spacing between elements vary from about 1/10 to

1/4 of a wavelength, depending on the specific design elements are usually parallel in one plane, supported on a single crossbar known as a boom. the elements must be made of some kind of conducting material: copper, aluminum, coaxial cable are best suited.

with coaxial cable, we can use only the shield or connect the shield with the inner conductor. if it is made of conducting material, the elements must be isolated from the stick.

the horizontal stick (boom) can be made of anything.

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines
typical spacing between elements vary from about 1/10 to

1/4 of a wavelength, depending on the specific design elements are usually parallel in one plane, supported on a single crossbar known as a boom. the elements must be made of some kind of conducting material: copper, aluminum, coaxial cable are best suited.

with coaxial cable, we can use only the shield or connect the shield with the inner conductor. if it is made of conducting material, the elements must be isolated from the stick.

the horizontal stick (boom) can be made of anything.

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines
typical spacing between elements vary from about 1/10 to

1/4 of a wavelength, depending on the specific design elements are usually parallel in one plane, supported on a single crossbar known as a boom. the elements must be made of some kind of conducting material: copper, aluminum, coaxial cable are best suited.

with coaxial cable, we can use only the shield or connect the shield with the inner conductor. if it is made of conducting material, the elements must be isolated from the stick.

the horizontal stick (boom) can be made of anything.

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design Guidelines
Driven Element typically a /2 dipole or folded dipole electrically connected to the feedline Director/s length is 5% shorter progressively than the driven element the directors should be roughly 1/4 a wavelength apart Reflector length is 5% longer than the driven element

Yagi-Uda Antenna
The Elements

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design
these antennas are often empirical designs using an element of trial and error, often starting with an existing design modified according to one's hunch. The result might be checked by direct measurement or by computer simulation. Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi-Uda_antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design

http://www.changpuak.ch /electronics /yagi_uda_antenna.php

Yagi-Uda Antenna
**** YAGI UDA ANTENNA **** Design by www.changpuak.ch --------------------------------------------------Frequency : 100 MHz Wavelength : 3000 mm d/lambda : 0.003 ( min.: 0.001 , max.: 0.04 ) D/lambda : 0.007 ( min.: 0.002 , max.: 0.04 ) Boomlength : 1200 mm Elements : 3 Gain : 7.1 dB (approx.) --------------------------------------------------Reflector Length [mm] : 1463 Reflector Position [mm] : 0 --------------------------------Dipole Length [mm] : 1446 Dipole Position [mm] : 600 --------------------------------Director Length [mm] : 1388 Director Position [mm] : 1200 --------------------------------Calculations based on NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 688 Length might be slightly too long.

Yagi-Uda Antenna

http://www.k7mem.150m.com/Electronic_Notebook/antennas/yagi_vhf.html#Introduction

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design
YagiMAX: Yagi Uda antenna modelling software
YagiMAX Screenshots

http://please.name.my/70/yagimax-great-yagi-uda-antenna-modelling-software.html

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Design
Equal spaced, equal length directors may give higher gain at a

particular frequency, but the bandwidth is more narrow and larger sidelobe levels are created. Wide spacing will increase the bandwidth, but the sidelobes become large. By varying both the spacing and director lengths the pattern and the pattern bandwidth may be more controlled. More directors within a given boom length won't increase the gain by any great amount, but will give better control of the antenna's pattern over a wider range of frequencies in the band of design. If the length of each succeeding director is reduced by a set factor (%), and increase the spacing of each succeeding director by another factor, a very clean pattern with good pattern bandwidth can be obtained. The trade off will be a small loss in the optimum forward gain (10% to 15%).
http://www.hamuniverse.com/yagibasics.html

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Description
a directional antenna designed to maximize

reception over long distances familiar as the commonest kind of terrestrial TV antenna to be found on the rooftops of houses used at frequencies between about 30MHz and 3GHz, or a wavelength range of 10 meters to 10 cm the typical directivity is between 7dB and 9dB named after two Japanese scientists who invented it

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Application
used for amateur radio used during World War II for airborne radar sets used for local television reception

Log Periodic Antenna

Log-Periodic Antenna

Log-Periodic Antenna

Log-Periodic Antenna
Design
Typically,

Typically,

Log-Periodic Antenna
Design
Bandwidth:

Number of Dipoles:

Log-Periodic Antenna
Design
the length and spacing of the elements of a log

periodic antenna increase logarithmically from one end to the other diminish in size from the back towards the front element at the back of the array is a half wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation element spacing decrease towards the front of the array the feed phase is reversed from one element to the next to ensure that the phasing of the different elements is correct the direction of maximum radiation is towards the feed point

Log-Periodic Antenna
Description
the antenna input impedance varies repetitively when plotted as a function of frequency and periodically when plotted against the log of the frequency able to provide directivity and gain while being able to operate over a wide bandwidth

Log-Periodic Antenna
Description
the radiation pattern of this RF antenna design stays broadly the same over the whole of the operating band as do parameters like the radiation resistance and the standing wave ratio it offers less gain for its size than does the more conventional Yagi

Log-Periodic Antenna
Application
used where a wide range of frequencies is needed while still having moderate gain and directionality used on the HF portion of the spectrum where operation is required on a number of frequencies to enable communication to be maintained used at VHF and UHF for a variety of applications, including some uses as a television antenna

Turnstile Antenna

Turnstile Antenna

Turnstile Antenna
Design
consists of two horizontal halfwave antennas mounted at right angles to each other in the same horizontal plane

Turnstile Antenna
Design
Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern shown is the sum of radiation patterns from the two dipoles, which produces a nearly omnidirectional pattern

Turnstile Antenna
Description
a set of two dipole antennas aligned at right angles to each other and fed 90 degrees out-of-phase When mounted horizontally the antenna is nearly omnidirectional on the horizontal plane. When mounted vertically the antenna is directional to a right angle to its plane and is circularly polarized.

Turnstile Antenna
Application
developed primarily for omnidirectional vhf communications often used for communication satellites because, being circularly polarized, the polarization of the signal doesn't rotate when the satellite rotates

Helical Antenna

Helical Antenna

Helical Antenna
Design
The dimensions of the helix are determined

by the wavelength of the radio waves used, which depends on the frequency. In axial-mode operation, the spacing between the coils should be approximately one-quarter of the wavelength (/4), and the diameter of the coils should be approximately the wavelength divided by pi (/) The length of the coil determines how directional the antenna will be as well as its gain; longer antennas will be more sensitive in the direction in which they point. a ground plane at the driven end makes the radiation unidirectional from the far (open) end

Helical Antenna
Design

Helical Antenna
Design
Where:

is the radius of the helix

is the pitch angle S is the spacing between turns L is the length of one turn

is the tangential unit vector describing the contour of the helix

Zo is the starting height of the helix

Helical Antenna
Design
pitch angle :

where:

s is the spacing from turn to turn is the radius of the helix

Helical Antenna
Design
The helical countour can be described by

The x and y coordinates are given by

Helical Antenna
Design
the spacing b/w turns can be written as z coordinate is given by

Combining the above relationships give

which describes any point on helix

Helical Antenna
Design

can be written in cylindrical coordinates by using

and

giving

Helical Antenna
Design
the two equations are used in the development

of the electric field integral equation for the helix

Helical Antenna
Design
The ground plane diameter is typically 0.94 in diameter at the center frequency
the radiating element is a helix of

wire, driven at one end and radiating along the axis of the helix

Helical Antenna
Description
An antenna that has the form of a helix

Helical Antenna
Application
typically used for applications where reduced size is a critical operational factor most suitable for Mobile and Portable High-frequency (HF) communications in the 1 MHz to 30 MHz operating range used extensively for 27 MHz CB radio