Fallout Shelter Management Course for MMRS Medical Facilities

August 2006

Fallout Shelter Management Course Disclaimer/Waiver of Liability

The use of or adaptation of any materials or any presentation techniques by any entity and/or individual signifies that the user and/or adaptor understands the inherent risks involved and further assumes any and all liability that may result. The City of _________, _________, the _________ County Commission, and the _________ Emergency Management Agency express that reasonable care and good faith were exercised in development of the materials and presentation techniques; nevertheless, use of these materials or presentation techniques is at the sole risk and liability of the user. The City of _________, _________, the _________ County Commission, the _________ County Emergency Management Agency, and the federal government specifically disclaim any and all responsibility or liability for any damages to person or property resulting from the use of these materials or presentations. Materials and presentation techniques include any materials and/or presentations, outline instructions and actions which are generally accepted as typical for recovery from the detonation of a nuclear weapon or dispersal of radiological isotopes. However, the conditions created by such events cannot be foreseen, thus, any entity and/or individual implementing the instruction materials may suffer property damages as well as serious injury up to and including death.

Housekeeping
-Parking & building access -Classroom -Refreshments -Restrooms -Schedule: breaks and session lengths -Smoking -Outlines/course materials -Student manuals -Test -Graduation & certificate

Course Plan
Introduction Module 1, Public vs. Medical Fallout Shelters Module 2, Organizing for Survival 1.0 hour 3.0 hours 3.0 hours

Module 3, Managing Critical Resources

Module 4, Review and exercise

3.0 hours
1.5 hours

Test & Evaluation

TOTAL

.5 hours 12.0 hours

CEUs for Nurses

The SPH Nursing Division has been approved by the _________ State Nurses Association (_SNA) and the _________ Board of Nursing (_BN) to provide: 7.2 CEUs for nurses for completion on August 30 7.2 CEUs for nurses for completion on August 31

(14.4 CEUs total)

Physicians, Administrators and others will receive a Certificate of Attendance

Pre-course Survey
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I want to survive a nuclear attack. Survival from a nuclear attack is possible. The Government has made all necessary preparations to protect me . Protection against nuclear weapon effects is possible. In a nuclear war, the earth will be destroyed. In a Fallout Shelter, purposeful leadership is as important as protection from radiation or food and water. Combining my skills and resources with those of others will enable us to survive. How long will lethal radiation last? Yes ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1 week 1 month 1 year forever 1 week 1 month 1 year never 75-100% 50-75% 25-50% 0-25% No ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

9.

How long will it take to regain our present standard of living?

10. What portion of our population will be alive 1-year after an attack?

Fallout Shelter Management in the 21st Century

This is not refighting the Cold War but adapting to the threat of global terrorism and the spread of nuclear weapons to nations who will use them if they get them. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), under the Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) established a three-phased program against attack with Biological and Chemical agents and Nuclear/Radiological attack.

MMRS requires _________ County to be capable to respond to an attack, postulating a small-yield (10 KT) weapon, and/or a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD; incorrectly called Dirty Bomb) that produces:
- 7,500 immediate deaths - 25,000 contaminated victims (10,000 acute & 15,000 moderate) - 100,000 displaced persons Having and using Fallout Shelters would minimize these casualties.

Course Objectives
Upon completion of the course, you will be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Know what a Fallout Shelter is and how it protects people. List the three principles of radiation protection and how they are embodied in a Fallout Shelter. Know the Duties of a Fallout Shelter Manager and how the Shelter would operate within the _______ County Shelter System. Know how to create a shelter staff and organize the shelter population. Integrate Fallout Shelter & staff operations with medical facility operations. Operate a Fallout Shelter during the three phases of shelter life. Know the importance of an orderly preparation for life in the post- attack recovery period. Describe the emergency, expedient plans for stocking, equipping and upgrading the protection of Fallout Shelters.

Duties of the Fallout Shelter Manager

1. Fill the shelter rapidly and orderly to capacity.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Protect the shelter against weapons effects.

Satisfy basic human needs: Air; Water; Sanitation & Hygiene; Sleep; Food; Psychological and Medical support. Establish a Shelter Organization and Schedule to carry out all activities. Maintain order and uphold the highest social standard of society. Train the shelter population for post-attack living. Keep morale high. Prepare for in-shelter emergencies. Prepare for both temporary and permanent shelter exit. Work with hospital management to continue medical operations.

Nuclear Attack in the 21st Century

A nuclear attack may: be on all major urban, industrial, economic, transport, communications & military targets. be only on selected targets such as military bases with offensive weapons. be a single up to a few dozen detonations on specific or random targets. be on armed forces outside the United States, e.g. the far East; the Mid East; Europe; the Balkans; naval forces at sea or air battles. be an act by a non-state, i.e. a terrorist group such as Al Qadea. be threatened to bring about a military or political result or to bend the will of the people. involve a detonation (fission/fusion) or release via an RDD involve nations or armed forces other than the United States. occur all in one attack or recur over weeks, months, even years.

Protective Options
Evacuation
Feasible if completed before fallout/contamination arrives. Area would have to be small and time adequate. Detonation effects (blast/thermal/EMP) may impede evacuation. Evacuees may be exposed and/or contaminated.

Shelter In Place
Critical facilities that can not evacuate, e.g., hospitals, must continue to operate. Necessary if fallout/contamination will arrive before evacuation complete Fallout Shelters needed to protect against high level radiation/detonation. Shelter-in-place (not necessarily Fallout Shelter) near RDD/very low level. Shelter stay would range from a few days to 2 weeks. Authorities outside affected area can organize rescue/evacuation effort. Shelterees may be exposed and/or contaminated.

Protective Options: Critical Facilities

Evacuation

Feasible only if all staff and patients/clients can evacuate before fallout/contamination arrives and operations transferred to an alternate facility.
Shelter In Place

Necessary if operations can not be transferred or if staff & clients can not evacuate. Necessary if needed to support operations of other response agencies. Must have Radiological Monitoring & Exposure Control capabilities Critical Facilities may be used to shelter families of the staff. Critical Facilities will not be used to shelter the general public.

Fallout Shelter Management Course

Module 1 Public vs. Medical Fallout Shelters

Fallout Shelter Management Course

The Fallout Shelter is the core of the _________ County Population Protection Program. The mission of the Fallout Shelter Manager: Protect the lives of as many people as possible and assist them to enter the post-attack world well enough in mind and body to begin reconstruction of society. In MMRS Medical Facilities with Fallout Shelter space, enable medical operations during high level radiation conditions. Within the Fallout Shelter, the Shelter Manager works as an extension of city or county government.

Fallout Shelter Profile

_________ Co. has more than 150 federally surveyed and approved Public Fallout Shelters. Total capacity is 000,000+ persons. MMRS medical facilities - _________have a combined capacity of 00,000 spaces reserved for medical operations and sheltering of staff, patients and their families, not for public sheltering. _________ has reserved a few federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters for use in Direction and Control, Medical and Recovery operations. Some of these are privately owned. Hundreds of privately owned Tornado/Fallout shelters exist.

A number of unsurveyed but potential shelters exist that could augment existing federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters.

Fallout Shelter Program Overview, Contd

Fallout Shelters protect against radiation based on the size, mass and location or site of the building and its surroundings. Fallout Shelters are not intended to protect against other (blast, heat) effects of a nuclear detonation, explosions or Chemical & Biological Agents. Such a capability may exist in a building due to its size, mass & location.

Fallout Shelters are not intended for use after use of a RDD (but may be).
Contamination from a RDD can be expected to cover a few up to a few hundred acres with low-level radioactive material;

A nuclear detonation may affect large areas (10-100 sq. miles) damaged by direct effects and 100s to 1,000s of sq. miles with radioactive fallout.

Principles of Leadership
The Shelter Manager must:
Assume command rapidly Act with authority Delegate authority Organize people into task teams to meet needs Refrain from personal over involvement with shelterees. Establish priorities Set a schedule Be an example of model shelteree behavior Recognize the changing needs of the shelterees Keep people informed Motivate people

In critical and medical facilities, integrate operations with COO.

The Three Phases of Shelter Stay

Entry Routine The time from opening until a routine is established. A daily living pattern exists along with training & preparation for post-shelter living; medical operations resume.

Emergence

The period from when preparations are complete and it is safe to exit to begin work of reconstruction until people can leave shelter permanently. Medical operations expand.

Fallout Shelter Areas in MMRS Medical Facilities

Shelter Emergencies
The Shelter Manager may be faced with life-threatening emergencies and must plan to cope with them. Examples are: Structural damage to the shelter from a nearby detonation. Fire in the shelter. Dangerously high radiation levels. Severely high temperatures and humidity. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide imbalance in the shelter. Depletion of essential supplies. Disease and injury among staff, patients & families. Unrest, anxiety, crime or defiance of order or authority.

The Shelter Mangers Responsibilities in Radiological Protection

1. Have the Radiological Monitor locate, by use of monitoring instruments, the best protected areas in the shelter. 2. Keep the people in the shelter until outside radiation rates are low enough to leave safely. 3. Keep the shelter, people and supplies from being contaminated.

Nuclear Vs. Conventional Weapons

Conventional explosives produce
- Heat - Blast/Shock and are measured in tons of explosive force.

Radiation Dispersion Device, RDD or Dirty Bomb

- May use conventional explosive to spread radioisotope - Radioisotopes may be placed or spread without any explosion! - No fission involved just exposure/contamination.

Nuclear explosions produce

- Heat - Blast/Shock - Initial Nuclear Radiation - Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and - Residual Nuclear Radiation or Fallout and are measures in Kilotons (1,000s of tons) or Megatons (1,000,000s of tons) of explosive force.

Weapon Effects
Nuclear Weapons produce effects in a time sequence. In order of occurrence and duration, they are: Initial Nuclear Radiation Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Heat Blast/Shock Residual Nuclear Radiation or FALLOUT - less than 1 second - first few seconds - few to 90 seconds - up to 60 seconds - diminishes very rapidly at first, then slowly over . . . hours, days, weeks, years . . .

Weapons Effects video

Weapon Effects, Contd

Where does the Energy Go?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Effects Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Understanding Radiation & Radioactivity

Elements are substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. There are 116 identified elements; each has unique properties. An atom is the simplest unit an element can be divided into and still keeps its unique properties. Atoms which emit ionizing radiation are said to be radioactive. Ionizing radiation produces charged particles, ions, in anything it strikes. It damages molecules in both living cells and inanimate mater. Radiation refers to all sources of energy emissions, such as visible light, radio and sound waves as well as ionizing radiation.

Nuclear or Ionizing Radiation

Types of Radiation
Alpha Particles
- Largest, heaviest and most highly charged type of radiation - Least penetrating; stopped by 1 sheet of paper or single layer of clothing. - Range 3-7 inches in air - Normally, only an Internal Contamination Hazard

Beta Particles
- Smaller, lighter, faster & less charge than Alpha (equivalent to an electron) - Moderate penetration; about 0.05 in flesh, about 0.10 of Aluminum - Range 10 feet in air - Internal more than an External Contamination Hazard

Types of Radiation, Contd

Gamma rays
- Least charged - Most penetrating; stopped by dense, thick shielding (e.g., 8 of lead) - Range 1 mile in air - Both an Internal and External Contamination hazard

Neutrons
- Ejected from the nuclei of atoms - Very penetrating - Range 3000 in air - ONLY radiation type that makes other matter radioactive!

Biological Injury Caused by Radiation

Gamma X Rays Beta Particles Neutrons Alpha Particles 1 unit of damage 1x 2-10x 20x

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Level of Biological Organization
Molecular Cellular

Important Radiation Effects

Damage to enzymes, DNA, RNA, etc. and interference to biological pathways Damage to cell membranes, nucleus, chromosomes, etc. Inhibition of cell division, cell death; transformed to malignant state. Damage and disruption to intestinal tract, bone marrow, capillaries, thyroid, central nervous system, etc. Cancers induced. Radiation Lifeshortening & death. Changes in the genetic characteristics of individuals.

Tissues & Organs Whole Body Populations

Radiation Measurement Terms/Units

Four measurements used to describe radiation, radiation exposure and the damage it can do to living beings. Activity (quantity) Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy) Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate (absorbed energy) Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate

Radiation Measurement Terms/Units

Activity (quantity)

Term:

Curie, Ci

Measures decay activity and is expressed as disintegrations per second, DPS or counts per minute, CPM. Alpha & beta radiation rates are typically expressed in CPM 1 Ci = 3.7 billion DPS

System International (SI) Term:

1 Bq = 1 DPS

Becquerel, Bq
(3.7 gBg = 1 Ci)

Radiation Measurement Terms/Units

Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy) Term: Roentgen, R, R/hr Measures energy of gamma and X-radiation in air. Does not apply to beta or alpha radiation

SI Term: Coulomb/Kg, C/Kg/hr

Radiation Measurement Terms/Units

Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate (absorbed energy)

Term: RAD, RAD/hr (Radiation Absorbed Dose) Measures energy of any radiation in any mater.

SI Term: Gray, Gy, Gy/hr

1 Gy = 100 RAD

Radiation Measurement Terms/Units

Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate

Term: REM, REM/hr (Roentgen Equivalent Man) Measures energy of any radiation in people.

SI Term: Sievert, Sv, Sv/hr

1 Sv = 100 REM

Real Life Radiation Measurement

For our purposes, 1 R = 1 RAD = 1 REM

1 R/hr = 1 RAD/hr = 1 REM/hr

Available radiation measuring instruments are calibrated in CPM and R/hr. SI units not used.

Naturally Occurring, Long-lived Radionuclides in the Human Body

Isotope: Activity, pCi (Pico curies) 26 120 50 600 200 130,000 87,000 27,700 29,000 2,886
238U,

Uranium 226Ra, Radium 228Ra, Radium 210Pb, Lead 210Po, Polonium 40K, Potassium 14C, Carbon 3H, Tritium 87Rb, Rubidium 90Sr, Strontium

The total radioactivity in the body is 277,582 pCi.

- 10,270 DPS - 887,374,138 disintegrations per day Each radioactive decay produces a radiation effect.
Sources: Radiation Protection (pages 56, 370), Shapiro, 1990, Harvard Press.

Natural Radioactivity in a Banana

Bananas are a good source of potassium, a very important nutrient.

Natural potassium contains 0.0117% potassium-40 (40K) a radioactive isotope.

A medium size banana contains about 451 mg of potassium. The amount of 40K in it is 0.0528 mg. This is equivalent to 14 DPS or 0.00037 uCi. The dose equivalent from eating a banana is about 0.01 mREM, sometimes, this is called the banana equivalent dose.
Sources: Food Values of Portion Commonly Used, 16th edition, Bosen and Church. Chart of Nuclide, F. William Walker et al.

Medical effects of radiation video

Types of Nuclear Detonations

High Altitude Burst Air Burst Surface Burst Subsurface Burst

Types of Nuclear Detonations

High Altitude (100,000+) Air Burst fireball does not touch Surface Surface Burst fireball touches surface Subsurface Burst fireball does not break surface of ground or water.

Not to scale Heat Blast Shock EMP INR Fallout minimal nil nil maximized none nil maximized maximized nil moderate nil minimal moderate moderate moderate moderate maximized maximized nil nil maximized minimal minimal minimal

EMP from a High Altitude Burst

EMP from High Altitude Bursts

The Reach of 500 KT, 1 MT & 5 MT Weapons

Weapon Yield Ground Burst *500 KT 4 miles 1 MT 5 miles 5 MT 8 miles Doubling yield does not double the reach.

Air Burst 7 miles 8 miles 13 miles * Average size Russian weapon.

Weather Patterns

Fallout Pattern -Time/Wind effects

Fallout Decay

7/10 Rule for Fallout Decay

The 7/10 rule approximates decay for a single detonation during any period in its history. For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.

Rate/Time 2800 R/Hr at H+1 280 R/Hr at H+8 28 R/Hr at H+49 2.8 R/Hr at H+343

Time (0; time starts at H+1) 7 7x7 7x7x7

% Remaining 100% 10% 1% .10%

Expected Effects of Short Term Gamma Radiation Doses

Dose, in Roentgens Effect 0 - 50 80 170 180 220 270 330 400 500 550 750 No obvious effect; lab exam necessary to determine. Vomiting & nausea for about 1 day in 25% of people; no deaths expected. Vomiting & nausea; 50% of people sick; no deaths expected. 100% of people sick; up to 20% deaths. Survivors convalesce 3 months. 50% deaths; survivors convalescent about 6 months. Up to 100% deaths; few survivors convalescent 6+ mos.

Radiation Sickness is NOT contagious ~ Victims are NOT radioactive!

Principles of Protection
Time Fallout radiation intensity decays rapidly; 90% in just the first 7 hours. The less time you spend in a radiation field, the less dose received.

Distance

The farther you are from a source, the less dose you receive.

Shielding

Denser (heavier, massive) materials absorb more radiation. Greater thickness of any given material absorbs more radiation.

Selecting Fallout Shelter Space

Fallout Shelter Space

Fallout Protection Factor, FPF

FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the shelter. Outside 50 R/hr or 12.5 R/hr = 4 FPF Inside A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate. Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the inside rates if the outside rates are: Time 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 2400 Rate Outside the Shelter 1 R/hr 100 R/hr 500 R/hr 440 R/hr 50 R/hr 40 R/hr

Fallout Protection Factor, FPF

FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the shelter. Outside 50 R/hr or 12.5 R/hr = 4 FPF Inside A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate. Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the inside rates if the outside rates are: Time 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 2400 Rate Outside 1 R/hr 100 R/hr 500 R/hr 440 R/hr 50 R/hr 40 R/hr Rate Inside the Shelter 0.025 R/hr 2.5 12.5 11 1.25 1

Protection Factors & Mass of Materials

How Much Protection?

PF 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 1000 2000

Lead .3" .5" 1.0" 1.2" 1.5" 2.0" 2.1" 3.0" 3.3"

Steel .7" 1.5" 2.0" 3.0" 4.0" 4.2" 5.0" 7.0" 7.7"

Concrete Earth 2.0" 3.3" 5.0" 7.0" 6.5" 10.0" 9.0" 14.0" 1 ft 15.0" 13.2" 19.8" 15.0" 2 ft 22.0" 33.0" 2 ft 3 ft

Water 5" 10" 15" 20" 2 ft 2.5ft 3 ft 4 ft 4.5 ft

Wood 9" 15" 27" 3 ft 4 ft 4.5 ft 5 ft -

Radiation is reduced on an increasing scale. For example, 1 ft of concrete reduces 800 R/hr 32-fold to 50 R/hr; 2 reduces it 2,000-fold to .4 R/hr. (Much better than if proportional & reduction of 64-fold ensued.)

Possible FPFs in Example Buildings

Applying the 7/10 Rule

For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold. Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.

What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours (Start Time of H+5 x 1 Factor 7; 5x7 or H+35)?
In 10 days, 5 hours (Start Time of H+5 x 2 Factor 7s; 5x7x7 or H+245)? If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate forward.

Applying the 7/10 Rule

For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold. Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.

What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?

In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?

If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate forward.

Answers: Applying the 7/10 Rule

For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold. Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.

What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours? Inside is 35 R/hr10 = 3.5 R/hr. Outside; 35 R/hr x 55 = 1925 R/hr
In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)? Inside is 35 R/hr1010 = 0.35 R/hr. Outside; 0.35 R/hr x 55 = 19.25 R/hr If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate forward.

Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside: Time 0400 0415 0430 0445 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 R/hr 1 25 100 300 400 168 106 80 68 58 46 40 Accum.

Questions: Accumulated Exposures

The following readings are taken outside: Time 0400 0415 0430 0445 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 R/hr 1 25 100 300 400 168 106 80 68 58 46 40 Accum.

What dose will a person who is outside the shelter until 0500 accumulate?

Questions: Accumulated Exposures

The following readings are taken outside: Time 0400 0415 0430 0445 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 R/hr 1 25 100 300 400 168 106 80 68 58 46 40 Accum.

What dose will a person who is outside the shelter until 0500 accumulate? If PF is 40?

Questions: Accumulated Exposures

The following readings are taken outside: Time 0400 0415 0430 0445 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 R/hr 1 25 100 300 400 168 106 80 68 58 46 40 Accum.

What dose would a person accumulate in the shelter until noon if the FPF is 10?

Answers: Accumulated Exposures

The following readings are taken outside: Time 0400 0415 0430 0445 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 R/hr 1 25 100 300 400 168 106 80 68 58 46 40 Accum. 6.5 R 22 72 160 444 581 674 748 811 863 906

What dose will a person who is outside the shelter until 0500 accumulate? If PF is 40? What dose would a person accumulate in the shelter until noon if the FPF is 10?

Federal Fallout Shelter Standards

To meet federal standards, a public Fallout Shelter must have:

10 sq. ft./person with a 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated. A Fallout Protection Factor, FPF, of 10 or more and A capacity of 50 persons or more.

Other, best available (but still federally approved) shelters must offer:
The same area/volume & FPF characteristics, A capacity of less than 50 persons.

_________ County Fallout Shelter Summary

_________ County, has ~150 public Fallout Shelters with a total nominal capacity of ~000,000 persons available for the public. Shelters are divided geographically into 9 groups for administration and mutual support. MMRS medical facilities have XX,000+ additional places: MMRS medical facilities are reserved for staff, patients and their families and will not be used as public shelters.

Fallout Shelters in MMRS Facilities

The Radiological Monitors Job

The Radiological Monitor, RM, surveys the shelter and reports his findings to the Shelter Manager, SM, to: Locate the best protected areas of the shelter (highest FPF) Record the total accumulated dose of the shelter population.

Advise the SM how to rotate shelterees between different areas to equalize exposure to radiation and accumulated doses.
Set time limits for those working outside the shelter (Exposure Control.)

Radiation Levels and Shelter Exit

If outside Suggested Limits for Shelter Exit - Recommendations rate is: More than Outdoor activities more than a few minutes long may result in sickness or 100 R/r death. The only occasions which might justify this are: (1) risk of death or serious injury in present shelter from fire or collapse, or (2) present shelter is greatly inadequate-may result in fatalities-and better shelter is only a few minutes away. 10-100 Time outside shelter should be held to a few minutes and limited to the most R/hr essential tasks that cannot be postponed for at least one more day. All people should stay in the best protected area no matter how uncomfortable. 2-10 R/hr Very short periods (less than 1 hour per day) outdoors are tolerable for the most essential purposes. Rotate outdoor tasks among shelterees to minimize exposure. 0.5-2 R/hr Outdoor activity up to a few hours a day is tolerable for essential purposes. Eating, sleeping and all other activities should be done in the best protected area. Less than No special precautions except to sleep in the shelter. 0.5 R/hr

Decontamination, Entering and Leaving the Shelter

After fallout arrives, decontaminate people and supplies by: Brushing Shaking Washing Sweeping particles from shelter entrances Filtering water

Coordinate trips outside the shelter with EMA or your RM. Set Exposure Limits: Plan the destination, the route, time allowed outside and who can go.

Activation of Fallout Shelters

Fallout Shelters may be activated:

As a result of escalating international tensions (Increased Readiness) Upon the Attack Warning from the federal government Upon a detonation with no warning
Public instructed to bring water, food, medicine, bedding, etc. with them. If time allows, the shelters would be staffed and efforts made to stock them with water, first aid kits, sanitation/hygiene supplies and food.

The public enters public shelters only upon the Attack Warning; MMRS Facilities secured, operated as a shelter.

Command & Support of Fallout Shelters

Emergency Operations Center Executive Group _______________ Mayor/ Chairman, _________ County Commission EMA

SCH 1 16 Shelters

SCH 2 15 Shelters

SCH 3 22 Shelters

SCH 4 22 Shelters

SCH 5 11 Shelters

SCH 6 14 Shelters

SCH 7 14 Shelters

SCH 8 24 Shelters

SCH 9 15 Shelters

Critical Facilities Medical Law Enf. Fire Rescue Engineering Utilities

SCH = Shelter Complex Headquarters Number of shelters grouped in each SCH

Upgrading Fallout Protection

Increase shielding by: First: Second: Third: Forth: Last: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances. Add wooden supports on each story. Add a maximum of 12 dirt on upper floors/roof. Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets. Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.

Upgrading Fallout Protection

Increase shielding by: First: Second: Third: Forth: Last: Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances. Add wooden supports on each story. Add a maximum of 12 dirt on upper floors/roof. Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets. Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows. A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and 200 x 200 in size. It has a 6 wide double door in front and a 3 wide single door in back. It is decided to pile dirt 12 high on the roof & 6 high; 6 wide at base sloping evenly up to the 6 mark - around the exterior except at the doors. How much dirt is needed?

Upgrading Fallout Protection

How much dirt is needed? Is it practical?
A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and 200 x 200 in size. It has a 6 wide double door in front and a 3 wide single door in back.
Dirt is to be piled 12 high on the roof & 6 high; 6 wide at base sloping evenly up to the 6 mark around the exterior except at the doors. Roof : calculate volume as 200 x 200 x 1 = 4,000 cu ft of dirt Sides: calculate volume using area of triangle x liner feet 6 x 6 x .5 = 18 cu ft per linear foot 200 + 200 + 200+ 200 9 = 791 linear feet. 18 x 791 = 14,238 cu ft Total volume needed = 18, 238 cu ft or 676 cu yds (56 dump trucks @ 12 cu yd) Other materials needed: plywood to cover 22 windows & 225 support posts.

Fallout Shelter Readiness

Operational Readiness means your shelter is ready for use. To do this:

1. Determine what shielding capabilities the structure has. Upgrade the shielding if practical.
2. Integrate Medical Operations & Shelter Operations with Chief Ops Officer.

3. Select, train and assign Shelter Managers and Radiological Monitors.

4. As available, stock shelters with water, sanitation/hygiene & first aid supplies & food plus radiological monitoring instruments provided by EMA.

5. SM fills all shelter staff positions and begin Shelter Team training/functions.
6. Coordinate Shelter Readiness activities with EMA.

Improvising Radiation Protection video

Attack Warning Signals - Methods

EAS, Emergency Alert System TV Radio NOAA Weather Radio Outdoor Warning Sirens Cable & Satellite TV/Radio Internet, Blackberry, etc. Pager, PDA, etc., etc

Attack Warning Signals

Outdoor Warning Sirens

Attack Warning Signal - a 3 to 5 minute wavering siren means that an actual attack or missile launch against the US has been detected; take protective action immediately. This signal will be used for no other purpose and will have no other meaning.
Alert Signal - is a 3 to 5 minute steady siren means turn on your radio or television and listen for emergency information and instructions. This signal is typically used to during Tornado Warnings or other peacetime emergencies such as a Hazardous Material release.

Emergency Operations Center

The EOC serves as the seat of government during an emergency. An EOC must have: Protection from fallout radiation (FPF of 100 recommended; new EOC is ~ 60) Warning systems to notify the public. The EOC can activate the EAS and has outdoor warning siren coverage of ~80% county population. Communications with local and state government agencies and with Fallout Shelters through the Shelter Complex Headquarters. (phones, radios & runners) Trained staff from local government agencies & RACES Equipment & supplies (if time allows, shelters stocked during Increased Readiness otherwise everyone brings their own supplies!)

Fallout Shelter Management Course

Module 2 Organizing for Survival

Shelter Organization
The Shelter Manager is responsible for organizing shelterees into specialized teams capable of group survival. These teams are: Leadership Teams Management (Task) Teams Groups of people (your families plus patients & their families)

2.2A and 2.2A1

Organization at Entry and After . . .

At entry, the shelter organization need not be in its final, permanent form since it exists only to meet the requirements of the shelter Entry period. These requirements are: Security & Traffic teams to screen people coming into the shelter (fill innermost areas first, working back to entrance) and take head count.

Traffic Assistants to aid the Leader & direct traffic.

Security, Medical, Communications, Safety and Sanitation Teams. Other required team(s), depending on circumstances.

2.2B1

Fallout Shelter Managers Kit

A written plan on how to organize your shelter.

Shelter Groups
The needs of everyone are met by organizing and exerting leadership through four groups: Core Management Staff Task Teams Community Groups Advisory Committee
2.2Cx

Tailoring: Meeting Your Needs

The Form your shelter organization will take depends on: The size of the shelter; The shape of the shelter and contiguous shelter areas (e.g. separated building wings or floors, etc.); Capability of the shelter as limited by its structure (e.g., an unventilated basement) and its supplies (e.g., ample vs. scarce water); Availability of trained people for team positions; The shelterees themselves; how well they know each other, community spirit, etc. . .

For Critical Facilities your mission.

2.2D2

Shelter Organization Chart (ICS compliant)

Relationships Between Shelter Groups

Community Groups The Community Group head is responsible to see that shelterees participate in shelter activities.

In Critical Facilities, these can be workers arranged in their work units.

2.E 3-5

Task Teams
Task Teams plan and implement activities such as training, feeding, medical care, etc. The Task Team Chief is responsible to assign, train, schedule & supervise members of his team. He is responsible for members while they are on duty with the team. Considerations for team assignments: Assign off-duty staff Reunite family or friends Rotate assignments or unpleasant tasks Give variety to the routine Gain better cooperation Give it a rest!

In Critical Facilities to accomplish the mission.

Sample Daily Schedules

Sample Daily Schedule

Sample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts Shift A Time 0030 0100 0130 0200 0230 0300 0330 0400 0430 0500 0530 0600 0630 0700 0730 0800 0830 0900 0930 1000 1030 1100 1130 Noon 1230 1300 1330 1400 1430 1500 1530 1600 1630 1700 1730 1800 1830 1900 1930 2000 2030 2100 2130 2200 2230 2300 2330 2400 Shift B Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time for quiet activities Dinner Clean up Training Training or Education Free time for quiet activities Group meeting Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Sleep

0700 0730 0830 0900 0930 1000 1030 1100 1130 Noon 1230 1300 1330 1400 1430 1500 1530 1600 1630 1700 1730 1800 1830 1900 1930 2000 2030 2100 2130 2200 2230 2300 *

Wake up * Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Training Training. Education for school children Free time for quiet activities * Lunch Clean up Information and Training session Education for school children Emergency Drill Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Recreation activities

Sleep

* Dinner Clean up Daily Briefing Training session Recreation activities Free time for quiet activities Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Lights out If water is rationed, include Water Distribution, Washing and Hygiene periods. If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals, with smaller portions, for morale purposes.

Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Group meeting or Sick Call Coffee Break Training Training or Education Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time Dinner Clean up Free time Recreation Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Sleep

Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training

Registration
Registration is the best means for obtaining information to: Identify & define skills & talents among the shelterees (in addition to job skills.) Provide data for assigning people to Task Teams & Community Groups. Aid in reuniting families, return of personal property & taking the shelter census. The Administrative Team keeps shelter records. At entry, get only the essential information; wait for a more appropriate time to complete Registration Forms. In Critical Facilities, spouses, children, relatives & friends of employees must be expected, accommodated and organized! Put them to use!
2F

_________ Department of Human Resources Form EWS-1

Shelter Staff Identification

The Shelter Manager and his staff should be identified by some distinctive method. People will instinctively look to you for help & direction. Such distinctive methods include labeled headgear, vests or armbands. Labels are included in the Shelter Kit. Individual Shelterees should be identified by a name tag or improvised label. This helps break the ice and makes it easier for people to work together. In Critical Facilities, the Shelter Manager may be the Director or the function may be delegated.
2FB

Organizing Shelter Resources

1. Centralized supply management.

2. Decentralized Supply Management Functional Area

3. Combined Supply Management

2G

Managing Shelter Supplies

Sources of Supplies:

Supplies normally kept in the building

Supplies belonging to and brought in by shelterees Supplies stocked during Increased Readiness Improvised supplies External sources, when safe

2.H23

Managing Shelter Supplies, Contd

Inventorying Supplies:

The Shelter Manager should inventory all supplies and materials as soon as possible after entry.
Prepare to ration supplies for a 14 day stay Develop multiple uses for supplies & materials

2.H23

Managing Shelter Supplies, Contd

Distributing Shelter Supplies:

1. 2. 3.

Fixed Point method Moving Point Method Combined method

2.H23

Shelter Records - 1
A Shelter Log is kept by the Administrative Team to record:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Changes in vital statistics: census; births & deaths Medical events & treatments Serious violations of Shelter Rules Major management decisions Daily summary of shelter status & problems

2.I4-6

Shelter Records - 2
A Communications Log is Kept by the Communications Team

1. All messages are entered in the log.

2. Keep separate logs for Incoming and Outgoing messages.

Shelter Records - 3
Medical records are kept by the Medical Team

1. Record the names of those with medical problems, their symptoms, medication & treatment.
2. Deaths and circumstances are recorded

Shelter Records - 4
A Supply Status Summary is kept by the Supply Team:

1. Record the Inventory of all Shelter Supplies

2. Provide a running account (e.g. at end of each day) of all supplies.

Shelter Records - 5
A Radiation Monitoring Log is kept by the Radiological Monitor

1. Enter shelter survey dose rates, best protected area and FPF data.
2. Enter readings, by area on radiation levels & accumulated exposures.

3. Record the daily and accumulated dose for each shelteree.

Shelter Records - 5A
Survey Shelter Meter Reading Chart

(add chart)
Video - Using Radiological Instruments in a Fallout Shelter

Management of Private Property

Bulky items should be excluded to save space; store in non-shelter areas.

Pets should be excluded from the occupied shelter area for sanitation & safety reasons BUT may be put in surplus shelter areas or non-shelter areas. Alternate: leave pets in cars Care & feeding by owners should be allowed & encouraged.
Encourage the donation of personal items if they help achieve the goal of group survival. Drugs, alcohol and weapons can be viewed positively as survival supplies rather than as dangerous or personal possessions.

Private Property, Contd

Personal items that may be useful include:

Beverages Gloves Pens & pencils Utensils Cleaners Batteries Towels

Notebooks Cell phones, Blackberries Knives Radios, DVDs, iPods Flashlights Laptops, PDAs Nails, nuts & bolts

Shovels Axes Games Hammers Tools Diapers Bedding

Clothing Medicine Rope, wire, string Books Toys Soap Food

Whats in your car?

2.J

Social Control in a Shelter

Hint: This Is the Most Important Concept in This Course! Every society has rules. Social Control is the way the group makes, communicates & enforces these rules. The Shelter Manager must develop a plan for shelter living containing a Schedule and set of Rules encompassing all shelter activities. This plan must be presented to and accepted by the shelterees! The Advisory Committee is the key to success. The Advisory Committee, made up of mature, grounded individuals selected from the Community Groups, can be a focus of feedback from the Community Groups - and a source of information to the groups. The Advisory Committee can exert calm, purpose, leadership, persuasion, morale building & moral authority, etc. to support the Manger.

The Importance of Social Control

The Shelter Plan evokes confidence & a sense of security among shelterees by assuring them the highest standards of society will govern their stay. It also makes the future somewhat predictable by showing what they must do to increase their chances of survival.

2.K.

Establishing Shelter Rules

Every aspect of shelter living should be governed by rules, including:

1. Entering and leaving the shelter.

2. The use of all equipment and tools. 3. All daily activities: meals; recreation; sanitation, sleeping . . . 4. Potential troublesome behavior: fighting, quarreling, gambling; gang activity; alcohol or drug use; smoking, sexual behavior, etc.

2.L.1

Developing Shelter Rules

1. Develop rules early, in advance of a problem. Proactive is much better than reactive. 2. Some rules may be elective, others prescribed. 3. Determine if a rule fulfills its intended purpose.

4. Coordinate rules so they don't conflict.

5. Make only necessary rules. If it aint broke . . .
2.L.2

Maintaining Order in the Shelter

Identify and respond to potential problems before a rule is broken. Evaluate the seriousness of a rule violation. Corrective action should be in proportion to the offense. Reproof Counsel Physical Restraint . Arrest

Make clear you are concerned with group survival, not punishing one individual. Violent responses or expulsion from the Shelter are not recommended. If restraint is warranted, wrap person in sheets & bind with belts, rope, etc. and set a 24/7 watch on him/them in a isolated, secure area.

2.M

The Shelter Schedule

The schedule should be developed by your core management staff as soon as possible after Entry. Guidelines: 1. Limit activities to an hour or less because of reduced attention span & fatigue. 2. Spread activities throughout the day for variety. 3. Schedule training when shelterees are most alert. 4. Allow daytime nap & rest periods.

5. Provide several snack breaks.

2.N.1-2

Shelter Schedule - 1 Shift

Sample Daily Schedule 0700 0730 0830 0900 0930 1000 1030 1100 1130 Noon 1230 1300 1330 1400 1430 1500 1530 1600 1630 1700 1730 1800 1830 1900 1930 2000 2030 2100 2130 2200 2230 2300 * Wake up * Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Training Training. Education for school children Free time for quiet activities * Lunch Clean up Information and Training session Education for school children Emergency Drill Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Recreation activities

* Dinner Clean up Daily Briefing Training session Recreation activities Free time for quiet activities Coffee Break - if water supply is adequate Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Lights out If water is rationed, include Water Distribution, Washing and Hygiene periods. If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals, with smaller portions, for morale purposes.

Shelter Schedule - 2 Shifts

Sample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts Shift A Sleep Time 0030 0100 0130 0200 0230 0300 0330 0400 0430 0500 0530 0600 0630 0700 0730 0800 0830 0900 0930 1000 1030 1100 1130 Noon 1230 1300 1330 1400 1430 1500 1530 1600 1630 1700 1730 1800 1830 1900 1930 2000 2030 2100 2130 2200 2230 2300 2330 2400 Shift B Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time for quiet activities Dinner Clean up Training Training or Education Free time for quiet activities Group meeting Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Sleep

Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Group meeting or Sick Call Coffee Break Training Training or Education Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training Coffee Break Quiet recreation Free time Dinner Clean up Free time Recreation Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Prepare for sleep Sleep

Wake up Breakfast Clean up Sick Call Daily briefing Training Emergency Drill Coffee Break Free time for quiet activities Lunch Clean up Training

Fallout Shelter Management Course

Module 3 Managing Critical Resources

Atmosphere and Temperature

Three goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Maintain the temperature of the shelter within survival limits.

2. Control critical components in the atmosphere.

3. Control potentially lethal or noxious substances.

3.A2-3

Atmosphere and Temperature - 2

Air exchange is by means of:

1.
2.

Natural ventilation
Forced ventilation

Effective Temperature, ET
ET is a measure of temperature, humidity and air movement combined.

People are much more comfortable at high temperature with low humidity and air movement than in high humidity or still air.
ET may greatly lower the shelter capacity - far, far below nominal capacity!

Managing Effective Temperature in a Shelter

One average size male produces 70,000 calories/hour or 288 BTU/hr at rest. One hundred average-size males can produce 28,800+ BTU/hr. The output of the average home heating system is 30-40,000 BTU/hr. In a shelter, people are allotted space at the rate of 10 sq. ft/person; 100 people in 1,000 sq. ft. Imagine the constant heat output of the average house in 1/2 its volume! -Where does the excess heat go? -How does it affect people? -How do you manage it? Heat build up will be tremendous in areas with restricted airflow! Comfort Fatigue Irritability Health Heat stroke & death possible.

Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM per Person for 90% Reliability of Not Exceeding 82o ET

Capacity Vs. Temperature & Ventilation

Federal Fallout Shelter Standards for ventilation = 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated. Higher than optimum Effective Temperature can lower shelter capacity to the number of shelterees that do not produce excess temperatures. Lower than optimum ventilation can lower shelter capacity to the number of shelterees that dont exceed O2 or CO2 imbalance.

If you must reduce the number of people in your shelter, where will you send them?

Effective Temperature Ranges

The range of comfort for Effective Temperature:

50E ET
67-72E ET 78-85E ET 85-90E ET >95E ET

Lower tolerance level if food & clothing available

Normally the most comfortable range Tolerable, even for long periods Heat stress progressively worsens Circulatory system collapse, death.

Temperature Control
Control high temperatures by:

Avoiding heat producing activities Utilize the initial coolness of the shelter Ventilation
Control low temperature with: Warm food & beverages Body coverings Physical activity Bundling

Ventilation Techniques

Kearny Fan

Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Imbalance

O2 Content: 21% is normal. 14% is threshold of danger. Symptoms: Nails & lips blue Vision Impaired Reflexes slow Giddy Unconsciousness Death .03% Deep breathing Nausea Uncoordination Unconsciousness Diminished respiration Blood pressure falls Coma, Death 78.4% 75% 0.75% 6.2%
3.A 12-13

Inhale 21%

Exhale 15.3%

8% is fatal. CO2 .03% is normal. 2-4% 10% 15-30%

3.5%

N2 H2 O

78.4% varies - typical example

Noxious Substances
Gas: Source: Symptoms:

Carbon Monoxide

Engine exhaust Tobacco smoke Open flames

Flushed, ruddy skin Poor balance Faint Unconsciousness Death

Combines with 02 to deplete 02 supply. Dangerous in a closed, poorly ventilated shelter

Methane , CH4 (Explosive!) Other gasses, fumes, vapors

Decomposing human waste Cleaning agents Solvents Degreasers Batteries Fire Extinguishers, etc.

3.B1-2

Water
Three goals of the shelter manager:

1. Control the use & distribution of water. 2. Secure & make drinkable alternate water sources 3. Control water consumption.
1 Quart of water/day/person is the recommended ration. This is below what people normally need but is acceptable as an austere ration when: Temperature and humidity are close to optimum, Physical activity is restricted, Salty or protein rich foods are eliminated, and Disease/injury that increase the need for water are absent.
3.B 1-2

Water-2
Water is essential for life. When deprived of water, the physical damage to the body becomes irreversible; after 4 or 5 days without, water will not help a person recover. Symptoms of water deprivation are:

1. 2. 3.

Impaired mental function, Confusion, and Hallucination

3.B 1-2A

Water - an Essential Need

Trips outside the shelter to get water before radiation levels are safe must be considered. Control of shelterees may be difficult if the water ration is very low or if they feel distribution is unfair or unwise. Sources of Water: 1. 2. 3. 4. Containers issued during Increased Readiness. Water system of the shelter building. Juice in canned foods. Water mains, fire hydrants, wells, streams, ponds, etc.

The water may have to be purified, filtered or decontaminated for biological organisms & hazardous chemicals. Fallout is nearly insoluble in water & is easily filtered out with, e.g., a towel.

Water Rationing
"An Equal Amount For All is generally the best rule.

Exceptions:
1. Team members involved in strenuous physical activity. 2. Diabetics, burn victims, the injured, etc. 3. Infants, nursing mothers, etc.

3.B 8-9

Water Rationing - 2
Serve at regular intervals, up to 6 times a day.

If practical, keep a "water log" for each individual to allow more flexibility in rationing.
Issue each individual a drinking cup; mark it keep it in a safe place to use for the entire shelter stay. Restrict the use of water for other purposes such as hygiene, sanitation, fire fighting or decontamination.

Safety
Three goals of the shelter manager:

1. Be able to meet such environmental emergencies as: Fire, toxic fumes, smoke, & oxygen depletion Structural damage Panic among the shelterees
2. Organize a safety program. 3. Prepare shelterees to respond to emergencies.
3.C. 1-3

Safety - Entry Phase

At entry, inspect the building - both shelter & non-shelter parts - to eliminate fire hazards; to gather fire extinguishers, tools and others materials and to gain a knowledge of the building layout.

3.C. 1-3A

Safety - Routine Phase: Preparing Shelterees

Emphasize the importance of fire prevention. If necessary, restrict smoking and use of flammable materials. Organize able bodied shelterees to upgrade the shelter. Set up a 24-hour fire watch. Inspect the shelter for: Exposed wiring Dangerous Machinery Oxygen containers, first aid kits, foodstuffs & other usable items, etc. Flammable, volatile substances and other hazards, etc. Fire exits Drill shelterees in evacuation procedures
3.C. 1-3B

Fire Extinguishers
Preferred types: - Dry chemical - Sand - Water

Oxygen

Heat

Fuel

Types to avoid: - Carbon dioxide - Halon systems (Oxygen displacing) - Carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104; now illegal ) - Bromotriflouroumethane (Halon 1301) - Soda Acid (now illegal but may be in older buildings)

Food
Three goals of the shelter manager:

1. Control and distribute food. 2. Keep food edible. 3. Meet the special needs of infants, the elderly, the sick and the injured.

Sources of Food
Food may be stocked during Increased Readiness from commercial suppliers. Food may be brought by people entering the shelter. Some food may already be in the shelter building.

Rationing may be required; a shelter census, an inventory and the estimated length of shelter stay are necessary.
Hold some food in reserve for the unexpected: spoilage, overcrowding or a longer than expected stay.

Food Rationing
An equal portion for all is again generally best. The same exceptions in water rationing may apply. Meals should be served on a regular schedule, 5 or 6 times a day in conjunction with the water serving.

Be flexible: if possible, keep a food account for each individual.

Food Preparation Problems

Extra water needed for preparation & cleanup.

Procedures needed for cleanup, garbage disposal & spoilage prevention.

Some foods may need to be heated.

Individual utensils will be required.

Feeding may have to be done in shifts.

Sleep
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Designate a sleep area, group & position the people. 2. Provide bedding and other equipment. 3. Control nighttime disturbances, etc.

Sleeping Arrangements
A single shift for sleep is best.

Have designated sleep period (s) and control other activities.

Partition or isolate the sleep area from the rest of the shelter.

Group sleepers on the basis of marital status, age and sex.

Position sleepers head-to-toe.

3.E 3-7

Sleeping Arrangements

Sanitation
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Provide an adequate number of toilets (& TP). 2. Maintain shelter cleanliness. 3. Allow those personal hygiene activities that can be permitted.

Sanitation Considerations . . .
1. Isolate the toilet area from all other areas and, if possible, near an exhaust vent to control odors & fumes. 2. Establish these guidelines to insure fire safety, good health, hygiene and high morale:

Remove trash & garbage from the living areas ASAP. Hold regular cleanups, especially after each meal. Devise secondary uses for reusable items. Do not use water for cleaning or hygiene unless the supply is unlimited and humidity no problem.

3.F.

Medical
Four goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Establish a medical capability. Integrate that capability into the facility. Detect sickness, injury & other medical problems. Treat those sicknesses and injuries. Set up a preventive medicine program.

3.GI4A

Medical Supplies
Hospitals/clinics have extensive array of medical supplies.

Some public shelters will have First Aid supplies already there.
Some supplies, such as bandages, can be improvised. Some shelterees, such as diabetics, can be expected to bring their own medicines and may share them. First Aid supplies may be distributed in Increased Readiness.

3.GI4B

Managing Medical Supplies

Medical supplies should be controlled and distributed by one specific member of the Medical Team. Keep medicines under a 24-hour watch; keep a running inventory. Give only the immediate dosage.See that all medicines are taken on the spot, in the presence of the Medical Team. Record each patient's medication in the Medical Log.

3.GI4C

Medical Staff
Identify those with a medical background at Registration. Assign them based on qualifications. There is no plan to send doctors, nurses or EMTs to shelters.

3.GI4D

Medical Operations
A separate "sickbay" should be created and isolated from the Medical Team examination, diagnosis & treatment area. This isolated sickbay: 1. Allows easier & better care. 2. Reduces the spread of contagious diseases. 3. Reduces the demoralizing effect of sickness on the rest of the shelterees. A system for detection & diagnosis should be instituted: 1. At entry; screen shelterees by trained medical staff as available. 2. After entry; sick persons report to the examination & treatment area. 3. Daily; at a scheduled Sick Call. 4. Daily; with medical rounds throughout the shelter medical continued.

3.GI4E

Medical Priorities
Treat all shelterees who have medical problems. But, if there are not supplies or medical staff to give everyone attention, then the Shelter Manager must establish a system of priorities... Such a system of priority treatment already exists and can be adapted to the fallout shelter. The system is called Triage (French "to Sort).

Triage categories, in order of treatment priority, are suggested: Immediate Immediate treatment will save life. Delayed Non-life threatening injury; treatment can wait. Expectant Mortally wounded; treatment will not succeed. Dead Set aside until burial/disposal can be arranged.
3.G 2-13A

Medical - Mortuary
In event of death:

Record the death & the circumstances in the Shelter Log

Give personal effects to the family or store them If the family requests, hold a simple religious ceremony

Attach durable identification to the body, wrap it securely and remove it from the shelter area.
Protect against vermin/scavengers Consult with the EOC before burial. EOC will arrange collection when safe.

3.6

Incidence of Illness in The Population

Chronic Conditions Arthritis and Rheumatism Asthma and Hay Fever High Blood Pressure Heart Conditions Diabetes Chronic Bronchitis Peptic Ulcer Diabetes Pregnancy Epilepsy Acute Illnesses in 3-month Period Percent Afflicted 25-39 (of adults) 12 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 0.5 Percent Afflicted

Respiratory Ailments, Winter Respiratory Ailments, Summer Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Winter Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Summer Digestive Ailments Other

47 15 7 5 3 16

Light and Power

Three goals of the Shelter Manager are:

1. Insure as many portable auxiliary lighting devices are brought into the shelter at entry as possible.
2. Control the use of emergency power should normal power fail. 3. Provide sufficient light in each different shelter area for each particular shelter task.

Sources of Emergency Lighting

Auxiliary generators. Battery powered lighting. Non-Electric lighting. If insufficient lighting exists, this means periods of planned darkness.

3.H 145

Communications
The three goals of the Shelter Manager are:

1. Establish a capability for both in-shelter and external communications.

2. Have regular briefings with the shelter population

3. Allow shelterees to communicate with you

3.I 1-6A

In-shelter Communications
Megaphone

Written notices "broadsides"

PA system, intercom etc. Town Cryer

3.I 1-6B

External Communications
Telephones/cell phones

Two-way radios
Messengers, once it Is safe

3.I 1-6C

Communications Coming Into the Shelter

1. Emergency Alert System (EAS) radio on AM & FM bands 2. NOAA Weather radio 3. Emergency Operations Center (EOC), or 3. Shelter Complex Headquarters (SCH), or 4. Other shelters. 5. Functioning cell phone, pager, wireless internet & other systems, etc.

The SM's Role in Evaluating Messages

The Shelter Manager must evaluate all incoming messages & decide when and how to pass the information on to the shelterees. The Shelter Manger probably will not have a monopoly on all information coming into the shelter if cell phones or radio/TV service exists. Shelter Manager will get information from EOC to enable him to counter rumors & false reports. Information available to the Shelter Manager pertaining to shelter living, even if incomplete, should not be withheld. Only technical or other incidental data should not be relayed.

3.I

Communicating With the Shelter Population

Entry: Tell people where to go in the shelter, what to do and reassure them about its protective capability. Traffic Assistants and/or early briefings can accomplish this. Hold regular briefings, at least once a day, to update shelterees. Relay at once emergency information or that requiring immediate action. Use a prearranged signal (e.g. whistle) to get attention. For routine messages, use the chain of command & group sessions. Emergence: Continue briefings: emphasize the importance of returning to the shelter to eat & sleep, etc., until it is safe to leave permanently.
3.I 9

Routine:

Training
The Two goals of the Shelter Manager:

1. Establish a training program.

2. Motivate the shelterees to participate. The training should: Provide shelterees with factual information about their current status and what is likely to occur in the future. Teach each person how to do his job on a Task Team and how to get along with other shelterees. Prepare the people for survival in the post-attack world.

Guidelines for Training

Course content should be meaningful and useful. Keep a slow pace; use short, 30-minute sessions, and plan to use the estimated length of shelter stay. Encourage shelteree participation; vary training methods Training priorities: 1. Core management and Task Teams 2. Shelterees, on rules & procedures 3. Shelterees, on post-attack living 4. Children with normal education. Begin training sessions after the shelter is organized. the schedule is working and the Training Team selected and prepared.
3.JA

Psychological Support
The two goals of the Shelter Manager: 1. Help alleviate mental anguish. 2. Prevent problems from becoming overwhelming.

Psychological support makes positive use of the basic human instinct for self preservation.

3.KA

Sources of Psychological Support

Effective management builds confidence & trust.

Sympathetic & friendly interaction with others.

Goal oriented behavior.

Use of psychological first aid to treat maladaptive responses.

3.KB

Psychological First Aid

Psychological first aid is the immediate support given to persons in emotional trouble. The basic technique is a relatively brief (10 minute) personal interview. The purpose of the interview is to: Permit problems to be expressed. Provide reassurance. Identify potentially dangerous persons. Identify useful skills which the person can put to use after he is sufficiently recovered (i.e., engage their mind & channel worry into purposeful work)

Specialized Psychological Support

Children - Tend to imitate the behavior of adults to reduce their own emotional stress. Elderly - May be confused; difficult to accept reality of the attack; rigid in their views.

Service, Religious & Recreational Activities

The goal of the Shelter Manager: Develop organized, voluntary efforts to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reduce fear, grief, & anxiety. Break down barriers to develop team spirit. Pass the time more quickly. Give comfort & strength through religious devotions. Make people feel they are giving a worthwhile contribution

3.L

Service Activities
Caring for children.

Caring for the elderly.

Caring for the sick and Injured. Improving the safety or appearance of the shelter. Improvising games, toys and other pastime materials. Making bedding, dividers, furnishings, utensils, etc. Making/sharing communications modes MacGyver, anyone?
3.LA

Religious Activities
Should be held only at the request of the shelterees.

Services may be denominational or nondenominational or individual prayer and meditation as determined by shelterees.
Space and time should be made available for these important activities.

3.LB

Recreational Activities
These are limited only by space, Effective Temperature, food and water constraints. Examples are: Physical fitness activities, aerobics, exercises, calisthenics, isometric exercises, etc.

Arts & crafts.

Group games, singing, story telling, skits, plays, talent shows, etc.
3.LC

Shelter Exit - the Temporary Phase

1. Shelter Related Work Removal of waste and garbage. Burial/removal of the dead. Relocation of the sick and injured to hospitals. Transfer of problem shelterees to authorities.

2. Shelter Supplies: Restock or Resupply Water & food Sanitation & hygiene supplies Medicine, etc. 3. Recovery Damage surveys/repairs Radiation surveys around the shelter. Calculate projected safe exit time for general exit Restoration of essential community services.
3M

Exit - Permanent Phase

Purpose of the shelter shifts from protection to housing and feeding.

Activities turn from shelter living to reconstruction & "normal" life.

Phase lasts until people can live at home or in some other permanent housing. Expand living space to allow comfort & privacy. Shelter Staff will reorganized: Some Task Teams no longer needed; others expanded. Shelter Manager fills vacancies as turnover occurs. Shelter records must be accurately kept.

Exit - Permanent Phase, Contd

1. Shelter buildings:

The non-shelter part may be returned to its original use.

EOC will notify you when to close the shelter: Relocate remaining shelterees to other facilities. Dispose of remaining supplies. Clean the area. 2. Return all records to the EOC. 3. Release the Shelter Staff.
3.N.

What Next?
Size up your building. Find the shelter areas. What is in them? Where, how, would you move the contents? Sketch shelter areas and non-shelter areas on a floor plan. What nonshelter areas would be most useful? Where would the toilets go? Decide what parts of your shelter you'd allocate for the community groups and which parts for the staff. Plan how to ventilate areas with poor air flow. Plan how the building should be upgraded. Mark areas where there is no shelter and where upgrading is not required. Calculate materials needed. Recruit other interested persons to serve in management and task team positions. Explain the job to them. Call EMA for answers to their questions.

Fallout Shelter Management Course for MMRS Medical Facilities

Source References
Nuclear Files http://www.nuclearfiles.org/ Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine http://www.oism.org/oism/s32p25.htm Federation of American Scientists Threat Analysis http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/wmd.htm Nuclear Threat Initiative http://www.nti.org/ The American Civil Defense Association http://www.tacda.org/ How Nuclear Bombs Work http://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb.htm FEMA http://www.fema.gov/hazard/terrorism/nuclear/index.shtm