Basic types of properties associated with matter.

Physical propertiesObserved w/out chemical reaction. Examples:

Color Smell Freezing point Boiling point Melting point Infrared spectrum Attraction (paramagnetic) or repulsion (diamagnetic) to magnets Opacity Viscosity Density

Chemical properties Properties in chemical reactions. Examples:

Heat of combustion Reactivity with water pH Electromotive force.

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Measuring properties will not alter basic nature of substance.

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Physical Changes vs. Chemical Changes

Appearance changes but composition or identity is unaffected. No new compounds formed. Usually reversible. Examples:
Phase changes (solid, liquid, or gas). Change in shape, size, color or temperature. Change in texture or taste. Change in weight or volume.
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Change in composition and identity. New compounds are formed. Usually irreversible. Examples: Burning Cooking Rusting

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O Coefficient Reactant(s) Subscript Product(s)

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Indications of a chemical reaction:

Change of color. Production of heat, light, or sound. Evolution of gas. Formation of a solid where none was present before.

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Volume 2 Activity 1: Chemical and Physical Changes (pp 427-439) Activity 2: More Chemical Changes (pp 447-456

Volume 1 Activity 1 : Elements and Compounds (pp 212-233) Activity 4: Properties of Matter (pp 274-289)

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Physical process-uses physical properties to separate matter:

(evaporation, magnets, color, etc.)

(Cant be separated into simpler substances by physical means.)

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Chemical process-uses chemical properties (e.g. combustion or oxidation) to separate matter:

Made up of single types of atoms.

Made up of molecules or salts.

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Homework:
Read 2.1-2.3, pp. 37-50 Q pg. 64, #1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 Q pp. 65-66, #2, 3, 5, 6

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Different areas with different compositions and properties. Substances not evenly distributed.

Same composition of elements and/or compounds throughout. Also called a solution.

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Solutions
Solute (sugar) Dissolved portion of solution. Substance in lesser amount. Solvent (water) Dissolving portion. Substance in greater amount. Solute is not filtered out. Solute will not precipitate (settle out of solution) if left standing for long periods of time. Distillation.
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All materials are not soluble.

Suspension Mixture w/solute particles larger than molecules/ions.

Will not pass through filter paper. Particles cant adhere to molecules of solvent and will eventually settle out.
10-2000 angstroms (1 = 10-8 cm). Particles in solution usually much less than 10 A.

Tyndall Effect-particles scatter light when it is passed through, giving it a cloudy appearance.
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The Periodic Table

Where elements are arranged according to similarities in properties.

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Homework:
Read 2.4-2.5, pp. 50-56 Q pg. 64, #15, 17, 18, 20-22 Q pp. 66-67, #13, 17, 20

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Volume 1
Activity 1: Organizing a Store (pp 18-25)

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Groups of elements

:
Group A-representative elements Group B-transition metals (inner transition-rare earth)

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Exhibit entire range of chemical properties Metals~80% of all elements

High electrical and heat conductivity High luster when clean Ductile-drawn into wires Malleable-beaten into thin sheets All solid at room temperature except mercury
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 Nonmetals
Nonlustrous Generally poor conductors of electricity and heat Some are gases (argon, chlorine) Some brittle solids (carbon, sulfur) One fuming dark-red liquid at room T (Br) Hydrogen special case-nonmetal in 1A group

Metalloids-properties of both metals/nonmetals

Border stair-step line-metals on left, nonmetals right
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Noble Gases (Inert)-VIIIA (18, 0) Halogens-VIIA (17)

Alkali metals-IA (1) Alkaline earth metals-IIA (2) Group 3A (13)

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Volume 1
Activity 3: Chemical Behavior of Metals (pp 440-457) Activity 4: Physical Behavior of Metals (pp 460-478)

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Atoms and Ions

Atoms-electrically neutral (#P = #E)If lose or gain electrons-no longer neutral.

Ions-atoms/groups of atoms w/+ or charge: Cation-atom or group of atoms w/positive charge

P > E-loses electrons For metallic elements-cation name is name of element Element written with a positive superscript-# first

Anion-atom or group of atoms w/negative charge

E > P-gains electrons Nonmetallic element-name different-root plus ide Element written with a negative superscript, # first

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Compounds and Molecules

Compounds-2 or more different elements chemically combined Molecule-electrically neutral group of atoms that act as unit. Molecular compounds-composed of molecules (H2O, CO2):

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Relatively low melting (<300oC) and boiling points Many exist as gases or liquids at room temperature Most are composed of two or more nonmetallic elements

Ionic compounds-composed of (+) and (-):

High melting (>300oC) and boiling points Most are crystalline solids at room temperature Neutral-total + charge equals total - charge Usually formed from metallic & nonmetallic elements
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Chemical Formula
1. Chemical formula-# and kinds of atoms in smallest representative unit of substance. 2. Molecular formula-# and kinds of atoms present in a molecule of a compound: a. H2O-1 molecule contains 2 H atoms/1 O atom b. C2H6-1 molecule contains 2 C atoms/6 H atoms 3. Diatomic molecules-elements that exist as molecules. a. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2 (all gases), Br2 (l), I2 (s) 4. Formula unit-lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound

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Law of Definite Proportions

Element masses always in same proportions in compound. 2 pure substances form compound in definite proportion by mass.

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Law of Multiple Proportions If two elements combine to form more than one compound, then the ratio of the weights of the second element (which combines with a FIXED weight of the first element) will be small whole numbers. Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide two compounds formed by C/O

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CO-12 g C combine with 16 g O CO2-12 g C combines with 32 g O O weight ratio combining with 12 g C is 32/16 or 2:1
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Homework:
Read 2.6, pp. 57-62 Q pp. 64-65, #25, 26, 28-33

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Ionic Charges of Elements

To write chemical formulas for ionic compounds-need type of ions formed:

Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A metals-lose electrons when form (+) cations-numerically equal to group number. Group 5A, 6A and 7A nonmetals-usually gain electrons and form (-) anions-numerically equal to group number subtracted from 8.

The majority of elements in 4A and 8A usually do not form ions:

4A usually forms molecular compounds. 8A rarely forms compounds because their outer shell is filled.

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 Many transition metals (also tin/lead-4A) have >1 common charge:

Stock system:
Use Roman numerals in parentheses as part of name of element to indicate numerical value of charge. Roman numeral tells ionic charge (iron(II) = iron two).

Older, less preferred method:

Uses root word for cation w/different suffixes. ous for name of cation w/lower of two ionic charges ic for name w/higher of two ionic charges Does not give charge of ion-only larger/smaller charge.

Few have only 1 charge-(Ag1+, cadmium/Zn2+)

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Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ion-tightly bound group of atoms-have charge, behave as unit:

All ions mentioned so far are monatomic ions-only single atoms.

Most end in ite or ate (ite one less O atom than ate ending, not how many Os).
Three exceptions:
Positively charged ammonium cation, NH4+ Cyanide ion (CN-) Hydroxide ion (OH-)

Begins with H (H+), charge on new ion is sum of ionic charges:

H+ + CO-23 HCO-3 hydrogen carbonate H + + PO3-4 HPO2-4 hydrogen phosphate H + + HPO2-4 H2PO-4 dihydrogen phosphate
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Volume 1
Activity 8: How Atoms Interact With Each Other (pp 146-163)

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Binary Compounds of Metals with Fixed Charges Given Formula, Write the Name

A binary compound is one made of two different elements.

Please remember that all elements involved in this lesson have ONLY ONE charge.
That includes BOTH the cation AND the anion involved in the formula.

The order for names in a binary compound is first the cation, then the anion. Use the name of cation with a fixed oxidation state directly from the periodic table. The name of the anion will be made from the root of the element's name plus the suffix "ide."
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Example 1
Write the name of the following formula: H2S Step #1 - Look at 1st element and name it. Result of this step = hydrogen. Step #2 - Look at 2nd element. Use root of its full name (which is sulf-) plus the ending "-ide." Result of this step = sulfide. These two steps give the full name of H2S. Notice that the presence of the subscript is ignored.
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Example 2
Write the name of the following formula: NaCl Step #1 - Look at first element and name it. Result of this step = sodium. Step #2 - Look at second element. Use root of its full name ( which is chlor-) plus the ending "ide." Result of this step = chloride.

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Example 3
Write the name of the following formula: MgBr2 Step #1 - Look at first element and name it. Result of this step = magnesium. Step #2 - Look at second element. Use root of its full name ( which is brom-) plus the ending "ide." Result of this step = bromide. Note the presence of the subscript does not play a role in this name.

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Example 4
Write the name of the following formula: KCl The first part of the name comes from the first element symbol: potassium. The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus '-ide,' therefore chlor + ide = chloride. This compound is named potassium chloride

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Example 5
Write the name of the following formula: Na2S First symbol is Na, so the first part of the name is sodium. (Note the presence of the subscript does not play a role in this name.) Second element is sulfur (from the symbol S), so the name is sulf + ide = sulfide. This compound is named sodium sulfide.
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Three possible mistakes:

Often students forget to use the suffix "-ide."
For example, BaS is named "barium sulfide." An unaware student might want to name it "barium sulfur."

Make sure that the second name is the root plus "-ide."
An unaware student might want to name BaS as "barium sulfuride." NaBr is not named sodium bromineide, the correct answer is sodium bromide.

There is a set of binary compounds which are named using Roman numerals.
Students often confuse the two sets of rules. For example, a student might want to name Na2S as sodium (I) sulfide. While it is never wrong to use the Roman numerals, you should use Roman numerals on certain cations.
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Homework: Write the correct name for:

1) MgS 3) Ba3N2 5) NaI 7) Li2S 9) CaO 11) K2S 13) Sr3P2 15) NaBr 2) KBr 4) Al2O3 6) SrF2 8) RaCl2 10) AlP 12) LiBr 14) BaCl2 16) MgF2 18) SrS 20) AlN 22) RbI 24) CaBr2 26) BeBr2 28) SrI2 30) Al2S3 17) Na2O 19) BN 21) Cs2O 23) MgO 25) LiI 27) K2O 29) BF3

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Binary Compounds of Metals with Fixed Charges Given Name, Write the Formula

The order in a formula is first the cation, then the anion. You must know the charges associated with each cation and anion. The sum of the positive charge and the sum of the negative charges MUST add up to zero. You MAY NOT adjust the charges of the cations or anions to get a total charge of zero. You MAY adjust the subscripts to get a total charge of zero.

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Charge Crossing Technique When Given Name, Write the Formula

Suppose you must write the formula for sodium chloride. I'm sure you know the answer (NaCl), but let's pretend you don't. Write down the Na+ and Cl right next to each other, as in this image: Move the positive charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the anion Move the negative charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the cation: The result of all this moving is Since subscripts of one are not written, but understood to be present, the final answer is:
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Example 2
Write the formula for magnesium chloride. Write down the Mg2+ and Cl right next to each other, as in this image: Move the positive charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the anion: Move the negative charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the cation: The result of all this moving is: Since subscripts of one are not written, but understood to be present, the final answer is:
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Example 3
Write the formula for aluminum oxide. Write down the Al3+ and O2 right next to each other, as in this image: Move the positive charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the anion: Move the negative charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the cation: The result of all this moving is: The Al2O3 is at a minimum set of subscripts, so no reducing is necessary.

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Example 4
Write the formula for barium oxide. Write down the Ba2+ and O2 right next to each other, as in this image: Move the positive charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the anion: Move the negative charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the cation: The result of all this moving is: Since both subscripts have a common factor of two, we are not at a minimum set of subscripts. After reducing, the final answer is:
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Example 5
Write the formula from the following name: sodium bromide Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Na+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = Br Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal zero. In this case, only one Na+ and one Br are required. The resulting formula is NaBr.

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Example 6
Write the formula from the following name: potassium chloride Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = K+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = Cl Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal zero. In this case, only one K+ and one Cl are required. The resulting formula is KCl.
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Example 7
Write the formula from the following name: barium iodide Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Ba2+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = I Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal zero. In this case, only one Ba2+ is required, but two I are required. Why? Answer - Two negative one charges are required because there is one postive two charge. Only in this way can the total charge of the formula be zero. The resulting formula is BaI2.
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Example 8
Write the formula from the following name: aluminum chloride Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Al3+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = Cl Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal zero. In this case, only one Al3+ is required, but three Cl are required. Why? Answer - Three negative one charges are required because there is one postive three charge. Only in this way can the total charge of the formula be zero. The resulting formula is AlCl3. 4/20/2012 61

Example 8
Write the name of the following formula: magnesium oxide Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Mg2+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = O2 Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal zero. In this case, one Mg2+ is required, as well as one O2. Why? Answer - One positive two charge is counterbalanced by one negative two charge. This gives a zero total charge for the formula. The resulting formula is MgO. 4/20/2012 62

Example 9
Write the name of the following formula: aluminum oxide Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Al3+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = O2 Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal zero. In this case, two Al3+ are required and three O2. Why? Answer - This is the only possible way to get the positive and negative charges equal and keep the numbers to a minimum. Note that the positive charge is a +6 and the negative charge is a -6. Also, keep in mind that you cannot change the charges to make a formula correct. The resulting formula is Al2O3. Warning: beware of the temptation to write the above formula as Al3O2.
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Special Exceptions
The most common ones are with mercury(I), which is Hg22+. It is NEVER Hg+ by itself. It ALWAYS comes as a pair. Example #1: mercury(I) chloride
The formula for this compound is Hg2Cl2. It is not HgCl. You will be marked wrong on a test for doing so.

Example #2: mercury(I) nitrate

The formula for this compound is Hg2(NO3)2. Once again, it is not reduced. Why? In nature, mercury(I) comes in a set of two atoms, NOT just one. The corresponding mercury(II) formula for the two examples would be HgCl2 and Hg(NO3)2.

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Second Exception
The second major category is peroxide, which is O22. Example #3: hydrogen peroxide The formula is H2O2 and it is not reduced to HO. Why? Same reason as above, peroxide travels as a group of two oxygen atoms, not one. Example #4: sodium peroxide The formula is Na2O2.
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Homework: Write the correct formula for:

1) magnesium oxide 2) lithium bromide 3) calcium nitride 4) aluminum sulfide 5) potassium iodide 6) strontium chloride 7) sodium sulfide 8) radium bromide 9) magnesium sulfide 10) aluminum nitride 11) cesium sulfide 12) potassium chloride 13) strontium phosphide 14) barium iodide 15) sodium fluoride
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16) calcium bromide 17) beryllium oxide 18) strontium sulfide 19) boron fluoride 20) aluminum phosphide 21) rubidium oxide 22) calcium iodide 23) cesium oxide 24) magnesium iodide 25) lithium chloride 26) beryllium bromide 27) sodium oxide 28) calcium fluoride 29) boron phosphide 30) aluminum oxide
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Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges Given Formula, Write the Name The Stock System

This lesson shows you how to name binary compounds from the formula when a cation of variable charge is involved. The cations involved in this lesson have AT LEAST TWO charges. The anions involved have only one charge. You are responsible for: Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Sn, Mn, Co, Au, and Cr.

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Example 1
Write the name for: FeCl2 Step #1 - the first part of the name is the unchanged name of the first element in the formula. In this example, it would be iron. Step #2 - the result from step one WILL be followed by a Roman numeral. Here is how to determine its value: 1. Multiply the charge of the anion (the Cl) by its subscript. Ignore the fact that it is negative. In this example it is one times two equals two. 2. Divide this result by the subscript of the cation (the Fe). This is the value of the Roman numeral to use. In this example, it is two divided by one equals two. 3. The value of the Roman number equals the positive charge on the cation in this formula. Since the result of step #2 is 2, we then use iron(II) for the name. Notice that there is no space between the name and the parenthesis. Step #3 - the anion is named in the usual manner of stem plus "ide." The correct name of the example is iron(II) chloride.
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Example 2
Name this compound: CuCl2 In this example, I've explained it differently. Compare it to the one above. Example #4 is also explained this way. The first part of the name comes from the first element symbol: copper. The Roman numeral is II, because 2 chlorides equal -2, so the Cu must be +2. (It must be +2 so that the total charge equals zero. The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide,' therefore chlor + ide = chloride. This compound is named copper(II) chloride.
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Example 3
Write the name for: Fe2O3 Step #1 - the first part of the name is the unchanged name of the first element in the formula. In this example, it would be iron. Step #2 - the result from step one WILL be followed by a Roman numeral. Here is how to determine its value: 1. Multiply the charge of the anion (the O) by its subscript. Ignore the fact that it is negative. In this example, it is two times three equals six. 2. Divide this result by the subscript of the cation (the Fe). This is the value of the Roman numeral to use. In this example, it is six divided by two equals three. 3. Note: this value of the Roman number equals the positive charge on the cation. In this example, the result of step #2 is 3. That means that iron(III) will be used for the name. Notice that there is no space between the name and the parenthesis. Step #3 - the anion is named in the usual manner of stem plus "ide." The correct name of the example is iron(III) oxide.
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Example 4
Name this compound: SnO First symbol is Sn, so the first part of the name is tin. The Roman numeral is II, because one oxygen = -2, so the one tin equals +2. Second element is oxygen (from the symbol O), so the name is ox + ide = oxide. This compound is named tin(II) oxide.

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Homework: Write the correct name for:

1) CuS 3) Pb3N2 5) FeI2 7) Cu2S 9) HgO 11) CuCl2 13) PbO 15) PbCl2
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2) PbBr4 4) Fe2O3 6) Sn3P4 8) SnCl2 10) Hg2F2 12) CuBr 14) Fe2S3

16) SnO 18) PbO2 20) SnO 22) Hg2I2 24) MnO 26) CoO 28) Co2S3 30) CrBr2

17) Cu2O 19) FeO 21) Hg2O 23) AuCl3 25) CrCl3 27) Mn2O3 29) AuF

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Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges Given Name, Write the Formula The Stock System

Write the formula for: copper(II) chloride Step #1 - the first word tells you the symbol of the cation. In this case it is Cu. Step #2 - the Roman numeral WILL tell you the charge on the cation. In this case it is a positive two. Step #3 - the anion symbol and charge comes from the second name. In this case, chloride means Cl. Step #4 - remembering the rule that a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula CuCl2.

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Example 2
Write the formula for: copper(I) oxide Step #1 - the first word tells you the symbol of the cation. It is Cu. Step #2 - the Roman numeral WILL tell you the charge on the cation. It is a positive one. Step #3 - the anion symbol and charge comes from the second name. Oxide means O2. Step #4 - since a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula Cu2O.

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Example 3
Write the formula for: iron(III) sulfide Step #1 - the symbol of the cation is Fe. Step #2 - the charge on the cation is a positive three. remember, that comes from the Roman numeral. Step #3 - Sulfide (the anion) means S2. Step #4 - since a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula Fe2S3.

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Example 4
Write the formula for: tin(IV) phosphide First symbol is Sn from the name tin. The Roman numeral IV gives +4 as tin's charge. Phosphide give P3. This compound's formula is Sn3P4.

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Example 5
gold(III) bromide

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Homework: Write the correct formula for:

1) iron(II) chloride 2) copper(I) sulfide 3) lead(IV) iodide 4) tin(II) fluoride 5) mercury(I) bromide 6) tin(II) oxide 7) chromium(III) oxide 8) gold(I) iodide 9) manganese(II) nitride 10) cobalt(III) phosphide 11) iron(III) chloride 12) copper(II) sulfide 13) lead(II) bromide 14) tin(IV) iodide 15) mercury(II) fluoride
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16) tin(IV) oxide 17) manganese(III) chloride 18) chromium(II) nitride 19) gold(III) oxide 20) cobalt(II) phosphide 21) tin(II) sulfide 22) mercury(I) sulfide 23) gold(III) bromide 24) manganese(II) oxide 25) chromium(II) chloride 26) lead(IV) nitride 27) cobalt(III) oxide 28) copper(II) iodide 29) tin(IV) fluoride 30) iron(II) phosphide
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Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges Given Formula, Write the Name Common Name System

Common Roots Iron "ferr-" Lead "plumb-" Copper "cupr-" Gold "aur-" Mercury "mercur-"

chromium "chrom-" tin "stann-" cobalt "cobalt-" manganese "mangan-"

Roots with -ous/-ic endings Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous Sn2+ tin(II) stannous Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Au+ gold(I) aurous Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous
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Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Au3+ gold(III) auric Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic
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Example 1
FeO Step #1 - first part of the name is the root of the first element in the formula plus a suffix. For iron the root to use is "ferr-". The suffix will be either "-ous" or "-ic." Here is how to determine the suffix. Multiply the charge of the anion (the O) by its subscript. Ignore the fact that it is negative. Divide the result by the subscript of the cation (the Fe). This gives the positive charge on the cation. The lower of the two values for a given cation is assigned the ending "-ous" and the higher uses the ending "-ic." The result from (1) and (2) just above is two. For example, iron takes on a +2 value and a +3 value. Step #2 - the anion is named in the usual manner of stem plus "ide." The answer to this example is ferrous oxide.

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Example 2
Fe2O3 When you multiply the anion's charge (negative two) by its subscript (three) and drop the sign, you get six for an answer. Then you divide the six by two (the iron's subscript) and you get three. This means the charge on each iron is positive three. Since this is the higher of the two charges, the term "ferric" is used. The answer to this example is ferric oxide.
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Example 3
CuCl2 The first part of the name comes from the first element's root: cupr-. Two chlorides equal -2, so the Cu must be +2. "-ic" is used because +2 is the HIGHER of the two charges copper is known to have. The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide,' therefore chlor + ide = chloride. This compound is named cupric chloride.

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Example 4
SnO The first part of the name comes from the first element's root: stann-. One oxygen = negative 2, so the one tin equals +2. The tin must equal +2 because you must create a formula with zero total charges. "-ous" is used because +2 is the LOWER of the two charges tin is known to have. Second element is oxygen (from the symbol O), so the name is ox + ide = oxide. This compound is named stannous oxide.
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Homework: Write the correct name for:

1) CrS 3) Pb3N2 5) FeI2 7) Cu2S 9) HgO 11) Cr2S3 13) Sn3N4 15) FeBr3 2) PbBr4 4) Fe2S3 6) Hg2F2 8) SnCl2 10) Sn3P4 12) PbCl2 14) FeS 16) HgF2 17) CuS 18) SnI4 19) Hg2O 20) Pb3P4 21) MnO 22) SnO2 23) PbO2 24) Fe2O3 25) CuI 26) Hg2Cl2 27) CuO 28) Sn3N2 29) Hg2O2 [Hint: answer to
this is different from #9 and #19. Hint: look up peroxide]

30) CuCl2
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Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges Given Name, Write the Formula Common Name System

cuprous chloride Step #1 - cuprous is the name of a very specific cation. It is Cu+ and nothing else. I can see you saying to yourself "How in the world do I know that cuprous means Cu+?" Answer - you know by your studies which cation goes with which name. If you give your studies enough time, you will memorize all the names and charges, just like you have memorized many other things in your life. Step #2 - chloride is the name of a specific anion. It is Cl. Step #3 - remembering thatthe total charge of the formula must be zero, you write the formula CuCl.
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Example 2
ferrous oxide Ferrous means Fe2+. Oxide means O2. Following the usual rules, you write FeO for the formula.

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Example 3
ferric sulfide Ferric gives Fe3+. Sulfide is S2. The formula is Fe2S3

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Example 4
stannic phosphide Stannic means Sn4+. Just like "apple" or "light bulb" mean specific things Phosphide means P3. Sn3P4.

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Example 5
mercurous chloride Mercurous means Hg22+ Chloride means Cl. Hg2Cl2. This formula is not reduced.

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Homework: Write the correct formula for:

1) cupric phosphide 2) auric sulfide 3) manganous chloride 4) ferric bromide 5) mercurous oxide 6) aurous nitride 7) stannous fluoride 8) ferrous iodide 9) mercuric oxide 10) plumbous bromide 11) cuprous fluoride 12) stannic sulfide 13) ferric sulfide 14) plumbous oxide 15) ferric chloride
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16) stannic oxide 17) cuprous sulfide 18) mercurous chloride 19) cobaltic iodide 20) plumbic phosphide 21) ferrous nitride 22) stannous bromide 23) plumbous sulfide 24) cupric oxide 25) cuprous chloride 26) mercurous nitride 27) mercuric sulfide 28) ferrous phosphide 29) plumbic nitride 30) cupric chloride
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Binary Compounds of Two Nonmetals Given Formula, Write the Name The Greek System

NO metals (which act as the cation) are involved.

That means one of the nonmetals will be acting in the positive role while the other is negative.

In fact, you do not even need to know the charges, since the formula comes right from the element names and their prefixes.
Greek number prefixes are used. Here are the first ten: one monosix hexa two diseven hepta three trieight octa four tetranine nona five pentaten deca4/20/2012 93

Example 1 & 2
Write the names for N2O and NO2. Step #1 - part of the first name is the unchanged name of the first element in the formula. In the examples above, it would be nitrogen. If the subscript of the first element is 2 or more, you add a prefix to the name. In 1st example above, you would write dinitrogen. If the subscript is one as in the second example above, you DO NOT use a prefix.

You simply write the name, in this example it would be nitrogen.

Step #2 - the anion is named in the usual manner of stem plus "ide." In addition, a prefix is added. In the first example, the prefix is "mono-" since there is one oxygen. In the second example, use "di-" because of two oxygens. The correct names of the two examples are dinitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Note that "monoxide" is written rather than "monooxide." It sounds better when spoken out loud.
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Example 3
Write the name for IF7. Step #1 - the first element is iodine and there is only one. This part of the name will be "iodine", NOT "monoiodine." Step #2 - the second element is fluorine, so "fluoride" is used. Since there are seven, the prefix "hepta" is used. The name of this compound is iodine heptafluoride.

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Example 4
Write the name for N2O5. Step #1 - the first element is nitrogen and there are two. This part of the name will be "dinitrogen." Step #2 - the second element is oxygen, so "oxide" is used. Since there are five, the prefix "penta" is used. The name of this compound is "dinitrogen pentaoxide." Many write is as "dinitrogen pentoxide."

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Example 5
Write the name for XeF2. The first part of the name comes from the first element's name: xenon. Since there is only one atom present, no prefix is used. The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide' as well as the prefix "di-,"therefore di + fluor + ide = difluoride. This compound is named xenon difluoride.

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Example 6
Write the name for N2O4. The first part of the name comes from the first element's name: nitrogen. Since there are two atoms, the prefix "di-" is used giving dinitrogen. The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide' as well as the prefix "tetra-,"therefore tetr + ox + ide = tetroxide. This compound is named dinitrogen tetroxide. Notice the dropping of the "a" in tetra.

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Homework: Write the correct name for:

1) As4O10 2) BrO3 3) BN 4) N2O3 5) NI3 6) SF6 7) XeF4 8) PCl3 9) CO 10) PCl5 11) P2O5 12) S2Cl2 13) ICl2 14) SO2 15) P4O10 16) UF6 17) OF2 18) ClO2 19) SiO2 20) BF3 21) N2S5 22) CO2 23) SO3 24) XeF6 25) KrF2 26) BrCl5 27) SCl4 28) PF3 29) XeO3 30) OsO4

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Binary Compounds of Two Nonmetals Given Name, Write the Formula The Greek System

Write the formulas for dinitrogen trioxide and carbon monoxide. Step #1 - the first name will tell you the first element in the formula. In the first example above, it would be N and in the second, C. If there is a prefix on the name, this gives the subscript on the element. In the first example above, the "di-" tells you there are two nitrogens. Absence of a prefix, as in the second example, says there is only one of that element involved. Step #2 - the anion name tells you the element; oxide means oxygen. Once again, the prefix will tell you how many of the element are involved. "Tri-" means three and "mono-" means one. The correct formulas of the two examples are N2O3 and CO. Note that "monoxide' is written rather than "oxide" when there is one atom of the second element involved. Note also that when one element of the first atom is involved, no "mono-" is used.

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Example 3
Write the formula for bromine pentafluoride. Step #1 - the first symbol is Br and its subscript will be a one, which is understood to be present. Step #2 - the second element is fluorine, so F is used. The prefix "penta-" indicates a subscript of 5. The formula of this compound is BrF5.

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Example 4
Write the formula for diphosphorous pentoxide. Step #1 - the first symbol is P and the subscript is 2. Step #2 - pentoxide says five oxygens are involved. The formula of this compound is P2O5.

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Example 5
Write the formula for iodine heptafluoride. Step #1 - the first symbol is I and the subscript is 1. Again it is understood to be there. Step #2 - heptafluoride says 7 florides are involved. The formula of this compound is IF7.

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Homework: Write the correct formula for:

1) chlorine monoxide 2) oxygen difluoride 3) boron phosphide 4) dinitrogen monoxide 5) nitrogen trifluoride 6) sulfur tetrachloride 7) xenon trioxide 8) carbon dioxide 9) diphosphorous pentoxide 10) phosphorous trichloride 11) sulfur dioxide 12) bromine pentafluoride 13) disulfur dichloride 14) boron trifluoride 15) tetraarsenic decoxide 16) silicon tetrachloride 17) krypton difluoride 18) chlorine monoxide 19) silicon dioxide 20) boron trichloride 21) dinitrogen pentasulfide 22) carbon monoxide 23) sulfur trioxide 24) dinitrogen trioxide 25) dinitrogen monoxide 26) xenon hexafluoride 27) sulfur hexafluoride 28) phosphorous pentachloride 29) nitrogen monoxide 30) bismuth trichloride
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Compounds Involving a Polyatomic Ion Given Formula, Write the Name

These compounds to follow ARE NOT binary compounds. They contain three or more elements, as opposed to only two in a binary compound. The cations used will be a mix of fixed charges AND variable charges. You must know which are which. You must also know the charges associated with each polyatomic ion.
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 When more than one polyatomic ion is required, parenthesis are used to enclose the ion with the subscript going outside the parenthesis.
For example, the very first formula used is Fe(NO3)2. This means that two NO3 are involved in the compound. Without the parenthesis, the formula would be FeNO32, a far cry from the correct formula.

When you say a formula involving parenthesis out loud, you use the word "taken" as in the formula for ammonium sulfide, which is (NH4)2S.

Out loud, you say "N H four taken twice S." OR with the formula for copper(II) chlorate, which is Cu(ClO3)2. You say " Cu Cl O three taken twice."
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Example 1
Write the name for Fe(NO3)2 Step #1 - decide if the cation is one showing variable charge. If so, a Roman numeral will be needed. In this case, iron does show variable charge.
If a variable charge cation is involved, you must determine the Roman numeral involved. You do this by computing the total charge contributed by the polyatomic ion. In this case, NO3 has a minus one charge and there are two of them, making a total of minus 2. Therefore, the iron must be a positive two, in order to keep the total charge of the formula at zero.

Step #2 - determine the name of the polyatomic ion. Nitrate is the name of NO3. The correct name is iron(II) nitrate. The common name would be ferrous nitrate.
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Example 2 Write the name for NaOH Step #1 - the cation, Na+, does not show a variable charge, so no Roman numeral is needed. The name is sodium. Step#2 - OH is recognized as the hydroxide ion. The name of this compound is sodium hydroxide.
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Example 3
Write the name for KMnO4 Step #1 - the cation, K+, does not show a variable charge, so no Roman numeral is needed. The name is potassium. Step#2 - MnO4 is recognized as the permanganate ion. The name of this compound is potassium permanganate.

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Example 4
Write the name for Cu2SO4 Step #1 - decide if the cation is one showing variable charge. If so, a Roman numeral will be needed. In this case, copper does show variable charge. If a variable charge cation is involved, you must determine the Roman numeral involved. You do this by computing the total charge contributed by the polyatomic ion. In this case, SO42 has a minus two charge and there is only one, making a total of minus 2. Therefore, the copper must be a positive one. Why? Well, there must be a positive two to go with the negative two in order to make zero. Since the formula shows two copper atoms involved, each must be a plus one charge. Step #2 - determine the name of the polyatomic ion. Sulfate is the name of SO42. The correct name is copper(I) sulfate. The common name would be cuprous sulfate.
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Example 5
Write the name for Ca(ClO3)2 The first part of the name comes from the first element's name: calcium. You also determine that it is not a cation of variable charge. The second part of the name comes from the name of the polyatomic ion: chlorate. This compound is named calcium chlorate.

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Example 6
Write the name for Fe(OH)3 Iron is an element with two possible oxidation states. The iron is a +3 charge because (1) there are three hydroxides, (2) hydroxide is a minus one charge, (3) this gives a total charge of negative three and (40 there is only one iron, so it must be a +3. Therefore the first part of the name is iron(III). The second part of the name is hydroxide, the name of the polyatomic ion. The name of this compound is iron(III) hydroxide (or ferric hydroxide when using the common method).
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Homework: Write the correct name for:

1) AlPO4 3) NaHCO3 5) Mg(OH)2 7) Ba(CN)2 9) NaH2PO4 2) KNO2 4) CaCO3 6) Na2CrO4 8) K2SO4 10) NH4NO3 16) Pb(OH)4 17) Cu2Cr2O7 18) Cu(ClO3)219) FeSO4 20) Hg2(ClO4)2
21-30 use cations with and without multiple charges.

11-20 involve cations w/variable oxidation state, so Roman numerals are needed.

11) Sn(NO3)2 12) FePO4 13) Cu2SO4 14) Ni(C2H3O2)2 15) HgCO3
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21) KClO3 22) SnSO4 23) Al(MnO4)3 24) Pb(NO3)2 25) Mg3(PO4)2 26) CuH2PO4 27) CaHPO4 28) Fe(HCO3)3 29) Na2CO3 30) MnSO4
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Compounds Involving a Polyatomic Ion Given Name, Write the Formula

Write the formula for copper(II) chlorate Step #1 - the first word tells you the symbol of the cation. In this case it is Cu. Step #2 - the Roman numeral WILL tell you the charge on the cation. In this case it is a positive two. Step #3 - the polyatomic formula and charge comes from the second name. In this case, chlorate means ClO3. Step #4 - remembering the rule that a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula Cu(ClO3)2.

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Example 2
Write the formula for silver cyanide Step #1 - the first word tells you the symbol of the cation. In this case it is Ag+. Step #2 - silver has a constant charge of +1, it is not a cation with variable charge. Step #3 - the polyatomic formula and charge comes from the second name. In this case, cyanide means CN. Step #4 - remembering the rule that a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula AgCN.

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Example 3
Write the formula for plumbic hydroxide Step #1 - the cation, Pb4+, does show a variable charge. The "-ic" ending means the higher of the two, for this cation that means +4. Step#2 - hydroxide is recognized as OH. The formula of this compound is Pb(OH)4. Notice that it is not PbOH4.
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Problem with OH It seems you do not recognize OH as a polyatomic ion.

You seem to want to treat it as an element.

That means, using magnesium hydoxide as an example, the student writes the formula as MgOH2.
As you can see, there are no parenthesis. The correct answer is Mg(OH)2.

The weird thing is, the same students have no problems with aluminum nitrate and correctly write Al(NO3)3. I don't know where the block is. It appears that students (not all, but a significant number) simply do not recognize OH a a polyatomic. Even after instruction and practice.

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Example 4
Write the formula for sodium phosphate Step #1 - the cation, sodium, is Na+, and it does not show a variable charge. Step#2 - phosphate is PO43. The formula of this compound is Na3PO4. Notice that no parenthesis are required since only one polyatomic is used.
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Example 5
Write the formula for mercurous nitrate Step #1 - the cation, mercurous, does show a variable charge and its formula is unusual. It is Hg22+. The "-ous" ending indicates the lower of the two charges mercury shows and that is the +1 charge. Remember that, in this particular case, Hg+ is wrong. Step #2 - nitrate is NO3.
The formula of this compound is Hg2(NO3)2. This formula is not reduced.
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Example 6
Write the name for barium carbonate Step #1 - the cation, barium, does not show a variable charge and its symbol is Ba2+. Step#2 - carbonate is CO32. The formula of this compound is BaCO3.

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Example 7
Write the name for mercury(I) phosphate Step #1 - the cation, mercury(I), does show a variable charge and its symbol is Hg2+. Notice that there is a subscript of two and the charge is +2. Therefore, EACH Hg atom is +1, leading to the name mercury(I). Step#2 - phosphate is PO43. The formula of this compound is (Hg2)3(PO4)2. Note the use of parenthesis around both parts (positive and negative) of the formula. It would be incorrect to write this formula: Hg6(PO4)2. We want the formula to show that mercury(I) comes in groups of two and that there are three of them.
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Homework: Write the correct formula for:

1) silver carbonate 2) potassium hydrogen phosphate 3) aluminum hydroxide 4) sodium hydrogen carbonate 5) calcium acetate 6) potassium permanaganate 7) calcium perchlorate 8) lithium carbonate 9) magnesium hydrogen sulfite 10) sodium hypochlorite Cations all of variable oxidation state, so Roman numerals are needed. 11) tin(IV) chlorite 12) mercury(II) phosphate 13) tin(II) carbonate 14) mercurous acetate 15) lead(II) chromate 16) copper(I) sulfite
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17) stannous dichromate 18) iron(III) nitrate 19) ferric sulfate 20) ferrous hydroxide These mix use of 2 types of cations. 21) potassium perchlorate 22) lead(IV) hydrogen phosphate 23) aluminum sulfate 24) iron(II) bicarbonate 25) barium iodate 26) tin(II) hydrogen sulfide 27) magnesium dihydrogen phosphate 28) plumbous cyanide 29) silver phosphate 30) cobalt(III) nitrite 31) ammonium sulfate 32) ammonium nitrate
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Nomenclature of Inorganic Acids

All binary acids are named the same way: the prefix "hydro" is used. the root of the anion is used. the suffix "ic" is used. the word "acid" is used as the second word in the name. The name for HCl is hydrochloric acid. Other binary acids you are responsible for are HF, HBr, HI, and H2S.
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Rules for acids with polyatomic ions

You have to:

Recognize when a polyatomic is present. Know its name.

Only then can you know to change the "ite" suffix to "ous" and the "ate" suffix to "ic" when it is an acid.
I ate something icky. It mite be a hippopotamous.
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HClO
The polyatomic ion is ClO and its name is hypochlorite. Any time you see the "ite" suffix, you change it to "ous" and add the word acid. The name of HClO is hypochlorous acid. When you have a series with 4 oxygens, the first one is hypo + root + ous acid.

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HClO2
ClO2 has the ClO2 polyatomic ion in it. The name of this ion is chlorite. Since the "ite" suffix is used, it gets changed to "ous." The name of HClO2 is chlorous acid. In the second in the series, use root + ous acid.

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HClO3
HClO3 has the ClO3 polyatomic ion and its name is chlorate. Any time you know the "ate" ending is used on the polyatomic, you use "ic" when you write the corresponding acid formula. The name of HClO3 is chloric acid. In the third of the series, use root + ic acid.

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HClO4
HClO4 has the ClO4 polyatomic ion and its name is perchlorate. Since the "ate" suffix is used, it gets changed to "ic." The name of HClO4 is perchloric acid. In the fourth of the series, use per + root + ic acid.

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Example 2
HBrO = hypobromous acid HBrO2 = bromous aicd HBrO3 = bromic acid HBrO4 = perbromic acid

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Homework: (sheet)
Name the following acids:
1) H3PO4 2) H2CO3 3) H2SO4 4) HIO3 5) HF 6) HNO2

Write the formula for these acids:

7) hydrobromic acid 8) hydrocyanic acid [this has a twist in it] 9) nitric acid 10) sulfurous acid 11) phosphorous acid 12) acetic acid

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The Nomenclature of Hydrates

Hydrates are substances that include water into their formula. The water is not actually part of the chemical substance and this is reflected in the way the formula is written. Here is the example: CuSO4 . 5 H2O This formula means that for every one CuSO4 in the piece of this substance you are holding, there are also five water molecules. No, the substance is not wet, it appears dry. There are some hydrates that have a wet appearance, but most appear perfectly dry to the eye and to the touch.
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 The dot IS NOT a multiplication sign. Remember, this is chemistry, not math. Here is the name: copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Notice penta meaning five and hydrate meaning water. You would use this name both when writing the name or speaking it. That means that when you hear "pentahydrate," you have to know to write the dot and then the 5 H2O.
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Some problems
Suppose you heard "trihydrate." What would you write? Suppose you heard "octahydrate." What would you write? Name this substance:
MgSO4 . 9 H2O

Write the formula for:

barium chloride dihydrate
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And the answers are:

trihydrate = . 3 H2O octahydrate = . 8 H2O Magnesium sulfate nonahydrate BaCl2 . 2 H2O Dont multiply everything out.
For example, with trihydrate, you might want to write H6O3. Dont take the three which should be out front and distributed it over the H2O.
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Volume 2
Activity 3: Chemical Names and Formulas (pp 458-475)

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Homework:
Use this link for the quiz and submit as before. http://wps.aw.com/bc_suchocki_chemistry_s e/0,6823,526261nav_and_content,00.utf8.html

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