Ch6 The Romans

Ch.
6: ROME
From Republic to Empire !
Section 1: The Republic Period
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Romes development. Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic. Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.
Getting startedLets Understand Where Were Going
Ch. 6: ROME
From Republic
[509 44 B.C.]
Republic a type of government where power rests with the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader, usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.
to Empire !
[43 B.C. 476 A.D.] Empire when several territories, regions, peoples are placed under a single, sovereign authority creating one major political territory.
CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.139; Packet p. 15
BRITAIN
GAUL
Alps Mts.
Tiber R.
Black Sea
Rome
SPAIN
Greece
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
Alexandria .
EGYPT
AFRICA
753 B.C. Rome is founded, according to legend
1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?
Its strategic location on the sea and fertile soil on the Tiber River.
The legend of Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess, were raised by a she-wolf.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Textbook, p.
141
Beginnings of Rome
Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

Latins- farmers and shepherds who wandered into Italy across the Alps and settled in a region they called Latium. Greeks- the Greeks settled about 50 colonies on the coasts of southern Italy and Sicily. The cities became prosperous and commercially active. They even taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives.
Textbook, p.
141
Beginnings of Rome
Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

Etruscans - were native to northern Italy.
They were skilled metalworkers and engineers.

The Etruscans strongly influenced the development of Roman civilization.
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome?
600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome.
Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet, the arch in building, and religious ideas.
Did Latin evolve from old Etruscan writing?

Wanna learn some famous Latin quotes? Go Here:
http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html
Left: Bronze tablets from 6 century B.C. showing Etruscan writing bear striking similarity to Latin letters
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,
the arch in building, and religious ideas.
Invention of Concrete! A Keystone! And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!
Roman military legions crossing a bridge in Spain one of many Roman bridges that still stand today in Europe. Legion Roman military units.
A Keystone is the secret to an Arch-way.
Concrete! A Keystone! And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!
Right: A Roman Bath house. Left: The Pantheon Temple to all the gods
The Pantheon -Temple toall the gods, built by Emperor Hadrian in 118 A.D. It had the largest dome in the world until 1436. The Pantheon became a Christian Church in 609. Rome, Italy.
Besides the Etruscans, the Romans also borrowed religious ideas from the Greeks.

3. Which were the main groups that competed for power in the early Roman republic?
509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy and establish a republic.
Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people)
Republic a type of government where power rests with the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader, usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.
Patricians lived well in Rome, and usually had several slaves.


4. What is the significance of the Twelve Tables in Roman law? Became basis for all future
451 B.C. Officials begin writing the Twelve Tables
Roman laws and established the principle that all citizens had a right to protection under the law !
Twelve Tables -the earliest law code, drawn from religious and secular custom. It was published on tablets of bronze or wood and placed in the Roman forum the marketplace, or main public center of any Roman town.
In Rome, Italy today one can tour the ruins of the old Roman Forum.
See Models of Roman Forum, http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html

http://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.html
The Roman Republic

Packet, p. 3; Part B
THE REPUBLIC of the United States of America
JUDICIAL JUDICIAL One of Romes The Supreme Court, tribunes Judges chosen from and for the as well as state, and local justices many great legacies plebians, their offices were established to protect the plebeians from arbitrary actions of patrician senators. adopted later in the EXECUTIVE 2 consuls two leaders! [hoping to prevent all-power residing in one single man]
presided over the Senate, brought forward legislation (law proposals), served as generals in military campaigns, represented Rome in foreign affairs.
legal principles EXECUTIVE and The President government found in the United States today is shown here.
LEGISLATIVE What is it? LEGISLATIVE the U.S. Congress Senate representative body of appointed men (Senate who were the law-makers and principle and the House of Representatives) decision-makers. ________________________________ Dictator in times of emergency / crisis, all power given to this one individual, and then, only for 6 months !
The Roman Senate in session.
CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3
BRITAIN
GAUL
Alps Mts.
Tiber R.
Black Sea
Rome
SPAIN
Greece
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
Alexandria .
EGYPT
AFRICA
CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.

390 B.C. Gauls sack Rome.
; Packet p. 3
5. How did Rome regain control of Italy after the sacking of the city by the Gauls? Rebuilt city, conquered all
rivals, and began empire-building with a lenient policy toward people it conquered.
More on the Roman legionaires

http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html
As Romes expansion begins one Rival stands in her way

264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to war, and Punic Wars begin.
; Packet p. 3
6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?
Punic was the Latin word for the Phoenicians / purple
Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of trade in the Mediterranean region.
Alps Mts. Rome

SPAIN
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
The First Punic War, 264-241 BC, grew immediately out of a quarrel between the cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse both on the island of Sicily. One faction of the Messanians called on Carthage for help and another faction called on Rome. The Strait of Messana, which separates the Italian Peninsula from Sicily, was of extreme strategic importance, and both powers responded. The Punic army arrived in Sicily first, arranged a peace between Messana and Syracuse, and established a garrison. Upon its arrival, the Roman army ejected the Carthaginians from the garrison, and thus the war began. Roman legions occupied E. Sicily and took Palermo (254) but were effectively blocked farther west by the brilliant guerrilla warfare of Hamilcar Barca , and they failed to take Lilybaeum, the chief Punic base. The Romans equipped a new fleet that destroyed the Punic fleet in 241 B.C. off the Aegates (now Aegadian Isles), and Carthage sued for peace. In the First Punic War.. ROME WINS! Gets Sicily ! The terms were the payment of an indemnity and the cession of Punic Sicily to Rome.

; Packet p. 3
1st War: Rome gains Sicily

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.
7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?
Alps Mts. Rome

SPAIN
Who was Hannibal?
Carthage .
Sicily
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
The famous Carthaginian General HANNIBALS Crossing of the Alps

; Packet p. 3

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.
2nd War: Rome gains Spain
By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to defend Carthage.
Alps Mts. Rome

SPAIN
Carthage .
Sicily
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA

; Packet p. 3

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. 202 B.C. Romans defeat Hannibals army.
2nd War: Rome gains Spain

149 B.C. Third Punic War begins.
By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to defend Carthage.
3rd War: Rome brutally ends Carthage. N. Africa becomes a Roman province.
8. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?
Romes expansion now gave it domination over all the Mediterranean Sea region.
"Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed.)

Cato the Elder, Roman Senator
Ch. 6: ROME
From Republic to Empire !
Section 1: The Republic Period
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Romes development. Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic. Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.
Ch. 6: ROME
Section 2: Roman Expansion - Empire Brings Challenges
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire including the role of Julius Caesar. Describe the empires economy and government.
CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire
CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.
; Packet p. B.B
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire I. Gap between Rich and Poor A. 1/3 of Romes population were slaves following its conquests in the Punic Wars and other conflicts B. Small farmers lands were often devastated by the wars and they could not compete with the Rich landowners (Patricians) who had ample slave labor to work and produce large profitable crops each year on their Latifundia huge estates. (The rich gained these huge land acquisitions when the Roman armies would occupy conquered lands.) C. Few jobs available for the land-less and unskilled workers in urban areas led to cities with high numbers of unemployed trouble-makers or, urban discontent Even returning soldiers had little to return to no veterans benefits D. The wealthy Romans were corrupted by money and luxury and ignored the plight of the poor.
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
Proud sons of one of Romes most noble families Gaius few men in Roman history had the unforeseen historical impact as the two brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Caesars career is unthinkable without them; and the first Emperor, Caesar Augustus built upon what the Gracchi began. What did they do? Everything! Who did it effect? Everyone! What did it cost the two of them? Their lives. Their careers marked the beginnings of the Roman Revolution; the introduction of murder into politics; and the breakdown of the very principles upon which the Republic was based. [Oxford Classical Dictionary] They were for giving citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost to the Alps, distributing the public domain, limiting the holdings of each citizen to five hundred acres, as had once been provided by law, establishing new customs duties, filling the provinces with new colonies, transferring the judicial powers from the senate to the equites, and began the practice of distributing grain to the people. They left nothing undisturbed, nothing untouched, nothing unmolested, nothing, in short, as it had been. Velleius Paterculus History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6
CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146-7; Packet p. 6
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus A. Proposed Reforms (Changes): - limiting the size of the rich estates (latifundia) - redistributing lands to the poor - A Welfare system : distributing grain to the poor. B. Both were killed in moments of riot or political intrigue / assassination C. CIVIL WAR
POLITICAL DYNASTIES In the United States and Rome The Gaius family of Rome is sometimes compared to the Kennedys of the United States an aristocratic family with long ties to politics, with platforms that championed the rights of the poor and disenfranchised, and who, too, saw its share of tragedy the assassinations of both John F. and Robert Kennedy. The outpouring of public sympathy for the Kennedy family was similar too for the Gaius family and may explain the longevity of that dynasty. For it produced even more stars in the likes of Gaius Julius Caesar.
; Packet p. B.B
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire III. The Army situation: A. Rise of politically powerful military leaders - They recruited soldiers from among the land-less, discontented poor, promising them land. Consequently, B. These soldiers scattered throughout Romes expanding conquered territory were more loyal to their commander than they were to the Republic government back in Rome the capital!
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire
III. The Army situation: C. CIVIL WAR, 88 82 B.C. fought between Gaius Marius (defending the lower classes / poor / of all Italia) and Lucius Sulla (defending the Senate and the elite patrician class)
" The long smoldering fires of an Italian war were now fanned into flame . . . all Italy took up arms against the Romans the fortunes of the Italians was as cruel as their cause was just; for they were seeking citizenship in a State whose power they were being asked to defend by their arms Velleius Paterculus, History , II, XV.
Sulla was a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his victory in the Civil War, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after his victory, no condemnation can be adequate. (II, XVII).
Once completely in charge of Rome, Sulla proceeded to butcher all his political opponents on a scale unmatched in Roman history. Plutarch describes the terror in which Sulla was held by the Rome government itself. The city was filled with murders and a young senator at one point asked Sulla when they could expect an end to the murders: "We are not asking you" he said "to pardon those whom you have decided to kill; all we ask is that you should free from suspense those whom you have decided not to kill."
The next day Sulla posted lists of the condemned in the Roman Forum, of those to be killed and/or those who property would revert to the state. Informers were everywhere. Thousands perished. Informers were paid bounties for turning in the "disloyal"; instantly, untold numbers of innocent Romans were denounced and their property confiscated to the state and sold for a song to supporters of the current regime. A young Gaius Julius Caesar who had fought on the side of his uncle Gaius Marius barely escaped the list of names. In the next and succeeding generations, the inscrutable, remarkable, bloody man Sulla became the model of a Roman tyrant. When Caesar was commencing on his own struggle for absolute power in 49 B.C., Caesar quite specifically stated that he did not propose to emulate the notorious Sulla, settling instead on a policy of mercy and reconciliation.
JULIUS CAESAR
100 - 44 B.C.
When could they ever say, that talkd of Rome, that her wide walks encompassd but one man?
The play, Julius Caesar, I, ii ~ William Shakespeare
"In the old days, every child born to a respectable mother was brought up not in the room of a bought nurse but at his mother's knee. It was her particular honor to care for the home and serve her childrenand no one dared do or say anything improper in front of her. She supervised not only the boys' studies but also their recreation and games with piety and modesty. Thus, tradition has it, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, Aurelia, mother of Julius Caesar, and Atia, mother of Augustus, brought up their sons and produced princes.
Tacitus, Dialogue 28, quoted in "Women's Life in Greece and Rome," Lefkowitz, Fant, 191.
IV. JULIUS CAESAR

A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the
A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers. B. He serves as consul with Pompey. C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.
"For himself he wanted a high command, an army, and a war in some field where his gifts could shine in all their brightness." Sallust, Conspiracy of Cataline, LIV.
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul. D. Keeps journal about conquest of Gaul Published, it makes him very popular with Roman people Caesars Commentaries on the Gallic Wars
In spite of their many "civilized" aspects, to Caesar and the Romans of his time the Gauls remained barbarians. There are frequent references to the Gallic character scattered throughout Caesar's famous Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. He considered them impulsive, emotional, easily swayed, fickle, and prone to panic. Although it is obvious from his writings that Caesar viewed them with respect as worthy military adversaries, he coldly judged their struggle for freedom from Rome's sway as no more than unstable anger whipped up by agitators with ulterior personal motives. It apparently never occurred to Caesar that there were rational arguments against annexation by Rome.
LEFT: "Vercingetorix Throws Down
His Arms At the Feet of Caesar L. Royer, 1888.
CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers. Meanwhile, back in Rome
E. Pompey rises to power in Rome and fears Caesars rising popularity

1. The Senate orders Caesar to disband his Legions and return home from Gaul
While Julius Caesar waged war in Gaul attempting to subdue the many tribes, Pompey busied himself in Rome with the construction of the mammoth complex later known as Pompey's Theater on the Campus Martiusnot only the first permanent theater ever built in Rome, but an eye-popping complex of lavish porticoes, shops, and multi-service buildings. Pompey was also busy with his new wife. At 53 he had married Julius Caesars on daughter, Julia (23).
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers. B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesars rising popularity 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. Crossing the Rubicon with his army
"Let the dice fly high!" he said (quoting a half-line of his favorite Greek poet, Menander), as he crossed the Rubiconthe great gamble could now begin; for he was starting a civil war and, according to the view occasionally expressed in his own works, 'Luck is the greatest power in all things and especially in war.'
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers. B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesars rising popularity 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. Crossing the Rubicon with his army Pompey flees Caesar defeats Pompeys armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
Pompey intended to fight Caesar in Asia, an area of the Roman world in which he had strong connections and many client-kings. Unfortunately, in the scramble to evacuate Rome, neither Pompey nor the Senators thought to take charge of Rome's treasury, stored under the Temple. Caesar arrives and impounds the treasury for his use.
" But do you see what sort of man this is into whose hands the state has fallen, how clever, alert, well prepared? I verily believe that if he takes no lives and touches no man's property those who dreaded him most will become his warmest admirers."
Cicero ,Selected Letters, 67.
The Roman orator Cicero and Caesar were great adversaries.
THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS, August 9, 48 BC A century after the Battle of Pharsalus, the poet Lucan considered it so pivotal to Roman history that he chose it for a poem-cycle of epic proportions, known as The Pharsalia. "The loser bears the burden of defeat; The victor wins, but conquest is a crime." Pompey The Pharsalia, Lucan, VII, 144-5. Its depiction of the war to the death between the noble Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) and the evil Gaius Julius Caesar may be simplistic in historical terms but the poem is fascinating in showing that later Roman generations clearly regarded the Civil War defeat of Pompey's armies by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus as a turning point in the death of the Roman Republic.
When Pompeys left wing crumbled, even then the legionaries retreated step by step still locked in battle, while the allies retreated headlong, making no resistance and shouting 'We've lost.' Caesar then made a particularly shrewd move to avoid having to engage Pompey in yet another clash and to ensure that the result decided not an isolated battle, but the whole campaign. He sent heralds into the ranks all over the battlefield, who ordered the victors not to harm their fellow-countrymen, but attack only the allies Caesar's men, sweeping through them, began to kill the allies, who were unable to resist, and the most tremendous carnage ensued. Appian, The Civil War, II, 80
CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers. B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesars rising popularity 1. Caesar is to disband his Legions and come home 2. Crossing the Rubicon with his army Pompey flees Caesar defeats Pompeys armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt 46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome and is appointed dictator.
Bronze statue of Caesar today in the Roman forum.
Cleopatra in Egypt becomes his Ally After he supports her side in a feud with her young brother Ptolemy for the throne.
IV. JULIUS CAESAR

In 44 B.C. is named dictator for life. F. His REFORMS: - grants broader citizenship to even conquered peoples - expands the size of the Senate to 300 men - helped the poor with jobs, creating government work programs and building projects - the dole (welfare) - started colonies - increased pay for the legions - the Julian calendar
; Packet p. B.B
February, 44 B.C. The young Mark Antony a distant relation of Caesars and a star general in his own right is said to have offered Caesar a make-shift crown one day in the Senate. Caesar refused it, but doubts remained that he had personally arranged for the public offer simply to feel out the reaction the crowd. Other historians think he staged the incident simply to destroy the rumors that he desired kingship. As Napoleon noted succinctly, "If Caesar wanted to be king, he would have got his army to acclaim him as such." Still, doubts in Rome lingered.
Mark Antony
; Packet p. B.B
March 44 B.C. - Two tribunes were seen pulling down crowns that had been placed on Caesars statues around the city. They were dismissed from office. By dismissing them, Caesar attacked the protected position of Tribune of the plebs, the very point for which he claimed he fought in beginning the Civil War.
ASSASSINATION PLOT:
Marcus Brutus was felt out Marcus Brutus to remove the tyrant; stated that he Cassius joined; loved Julius the conspirators grew, Caesar, but I including Caesars loved Rome more. most trusted subordinate and friend, Decimus Brutus.Brutus.
; Packet p. B.B
IV. JULIUS CAESAR

G. The Assassination Plot : Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius The Ides of March (March 15), 44 B.C. Julius Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate Chamber.
Et tu Brute? "When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers, he muffled his head in his robe, and at the same time drew down its lap to his feet with his left hand, in order to fall more decently, with the lower part of his body also covered. And in this wise he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word, but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too, my child?'"
~ Suetonius Life , LXXXII
What does this artists rendition of Caesars assassination say about the incident? Who wears the traditional white of the good guys and who wears black?
In your view, who is good and who is bad in this event? Or should this event be described in such black and white terms?
Caesar is alleged to have said in the year before his murder, "It is more important for Rome than for myself that I should survive. I have long been sated with power and glory; but, should anything happen to me, Rome will enjoy no peace. A new Civil War will break out under far worse conditions than the last." ~ Suetonius
His words were prophetic.
Ch. 6: ROME
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire including the role of Julius Caesar. Describe the empires economy and government.
AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately. WARM-UP Read, History Makers: Julius Caesar Textbook p. 147
INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3 DAILY QUIZ
NEXT ASSIGNMENT: Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet MAJOR QUIZ TUESDAY over Sections 1 2 ! Pre-A.P. - Caesar reading is due Tuesday !
Ch. 6: ROME
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire including the role of Julius Caesar. Describe the empires economy and government. Describe life in Imperial Rome.
How much of the Roman story can we learn by looking at maps alone?
Ch. 6: ROME:
Section 3:
The Rise of Christianity

TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule. Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus. Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul. Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.
CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook map, p. 156; Packet p. 15
BRITAIN
GAUL
Rome
SPAIN
Greece
Byzantium
Alexandria .
EGYPT
Jerusalem
SINAI
PALESTINE / JUDEA
Setting the Stage: Religion in Rome

The worship of Roman gods was impersonal, practiced without a great deal of emotion. Priests used sacred rituals to intercede on behalf of worshippers. The religion Christianity, was born in Roman times as a movement (or sect) within Judaism, emphasized the personal relationship between God and people. It would attract many Romans seeking hope during difficult times in the Roman Empires latter 3 centuries.
During those difficult times, this new faith would spread like wildfire!
Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule

Roman power spread to Judea, the homeland of the Jews, around 63 B.C. when Judea became a province of Rome.
There were many Jewish resistors fighting against Roman occupation particularly violent and militant were the zealots. Jewish kings were allowed to rule as representatives of Rome. Some Jews allied with the Romans and accepted their plans to Romanize Jerusalem - the Jewish holy city. The ruler Herod, in Jesus day, for example, was a Romanized Jew. His loyalites were divided between Rome and the Jewish people, but he ruled with an iron hand and angered many Jews.
Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule

Jewish resistance against Roman occupation was strong and a constant nuisance to the Romans.
The zealots were a militant group of Jews who wished to rid their homeland of Roman occupation. Many devout Jews believed that the Messiah, or Savior sent by God, would be coming soon to save them from this Western Empire that was defiling their holy places. According to their Biblical tradition, God had promised such a Messiah would come to restore the kingdom of the Jews.
Therefore the Lord Himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a Virgin shall conceive, and bear a Son, and shall call his name Immanuel, which means: God is with us. (Isaiah 7:14)
In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that the whole world should be enrolled in a census so all went as required, each to his own town. And Joseph too went up from Galilee from the town of Nazareth to Judea, to the city of David that is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David, to be enrolled with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. While they were there, the time came for her to have her child, and she gave birth to her firstborn son. 3 She wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.
From the New Testament Gospel of Luke 2: 1-7 (New American Bible)
Augustus Caesar 63 B.C. 14 A.D.
Painting of The Nativity 17th c. Louvre Museum, Paris France.
CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook, p. 153; Packet p. 11 How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity? 1. Jesus of Nazareth
He was a Jew. Became a rabbi, or Jewish teacher, at 30. During his 3 year ministry, he: Preached a message, emphasizing a personal relationship to God; did good works; purportedly performed miracles;
Ca. 6 B.C. 30 A.D.
Blessed are the poor, for they shall inherit the earth
gained a large following because his message appealed to the poor and outcasts in Roman society; Gathered around him 12 special disciples, or students. Many began to suspect he was the long-awaited Messiah (saviour).
The main source of information about Jesus life and teachings come from the Gospels the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. The Gospel of Matthew
The Geneology of Jesus
The Gospel of Mark
The Gospel of John

1.1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1.2 He was in the beginning with God; 1.3 all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. 1.4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men. 1.5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. 1.6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 1.7 He came for testimony, to bear witness to the light, that all might believe through him. 1.8 He was not the light, but came to bear witness to the light. 1.9 The true light that enlightens every man was coming into the world.
1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, John the Baptist the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2 1.1The the Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaacbeginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Judah is written in Isaiah the father of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Son of God. 1.2As itThe Gospel of Luke prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before and his brothers Luke's Prologue 1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph thy face, who shall prepare thy way; 1.3the voice the 1.1 Inasmuch as the way of born, husband of Mary, of whom Jesus was one crying in the wilderness: Prepare many have undertaken to 1.4John who is called Christ. 1.17 So all theof the Lord, make his paths straight--"compile a the baptizer appeared innarrative of the things which the wilderness, generations from Abraham to David were have been for the preaching fourteen generations1.18 Now the birth of a baptism of repentanceaccomplished among us, 1.2 out to him Jesus Christ took place in this way. forgiveness of sins. 1.5And there wentjust as they were When his delivered to us by of mother Mary had been betrothed toall the country of Judea, and all the peoplethose who Joseph, from the beginning were Jerusalem; before they came together she was found to be and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessingeyewitnesses and ministers of their sins. 1.6Now John with child of the Holy Spirit; the word, 1.3 it seemed 1.19 and her husband Joseph, beingwas clothed with camel's hair, and had a leathergood to a just man girdle around and ate having followed and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to his waist, me also,locusts and wild all things closely for some time honey. divorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he considered past, "After me orderly 1.7And to this, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared he preached, saying, to write an comes he account for whose who is mightier than I, the thong of you, most excellent him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, to stoop down and untie. do not fear to take Mary your wife, sandals I am not worthyThe-oph'ilus, 1.4 that you may for that know the truth he will 1.8I Spirit; which is conceived in her is of the Holy have baptized you with water; but concerning the things of which you have been baptize you 1.21 she will bear a son, and you shall call his with the Holy Spirit." informed. The Baptism of Jesus name Jesus, for he will save his people from 1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of their sins. Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan
Some of the Gospels are thought to have been written by one or more of Jesus apostles those who were former disciples / followers of Jesus. The Gospel of Matthew
The Geneology of Jesus The Gospel of Mark
1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, John the Baptist the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2 Abraham was the father of Isaac, 1.1The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, and Isaac the the Son of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah the father of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Judah The Gospel of Luke prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before and his brothers thy face, way; 1.3the voice 1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph the who shall prepare thyLuke's Prologue 1.1 Inasmuch the way husband of Mary, of whom Jesus of one crying in the wilderness: Prepareas many have was born, undertaken to compile of who is called Christ. 1.17 So all the the Lord, make his paths straight--" 1.4John a narrative of the the baptizer appeared in the wilderness, things which generations from Abraham to David were have been accomplished fourteen generations1.18 Now preaching a baptism of repentance for the the birth of among went out to him forgiveness Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his of sins. 1.5And there us, 1.2 just as they were delivered people of mother Mary had been betrothed all Joseph, to the country of Judea, and all the to us by those who Jerusalem; and baptized by him in were before they came together she was found to be they were from the beginning the eyewitnesses and ministers of river Jordan, confessing their sins. 1.6Now John with child of the Holy Spirit; the word, 1.3 it seemed was just man 1.19 and her husband Joseph, being a clothed with camel's hair, and had a leather good to me also, having followed girdle around and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to his waist, and ate locusts and wild all things closely for some time honey. divorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he considered past, to write comes he this, behold, an angel of the Lord1.7And heto appeared preached, saying, "After me an orderly account for you, who is mightier him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, than I, the thong of whose most excellent The-oph'ilus, 1.4 untie. sandals I do not fear to take Mary your wife, for thatam not worthy to stoop down and that you may know the truth concerning the 1.8I have baptized you with water; but he will which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit; Spirit." 1.21 she will bear a son, and you baptize you with the Holythings of which you have been shall call his informed. name Jesus, for he will save his people from The Baptism of Jesus 1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of their sins. Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan
The Gospel of John

1.1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1.2 He was in the beginning with God; 1.3 all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. 1.4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men. 1.5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. 1.6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 1.7 He came for testimony, to bear witness to the light, that all might believe through him. 1.8 He was not the light, but came to bear witness to the light. 1.9 The true light that enlightens every man was coming into the world.
CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook, p. 153; Packet p. 11 How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?
2. The Jews
He was a Jew. Became a rabbi, or Jewish teacher, at 30. His ideas contained Jewish teachings monotheistic, emphasized the 10 Commandments and other ethical guidelines to living ones life. Jesus sought to reform the Judaism of his day which he believed to be too legalistic and staid he never indicated a desire to start a new religion.
Jesus growing popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders. They said his teachings were blasphemy, or contempt for God. In a day when Roman Caesars were demanding emperor-worship, Jesus message appealed to large crowds in the cities to which he traveled and spoke. There was widespread resentment among many Jews toward the seemingly increasing secularism in society and apathetic acceptance of the Roman presence. Those in power were afraid the type of discontented crowds Jesus attracted might be easily incited to mob behavior or rebellionleading to a brutal response from Rome. For this reason, it was believed he needed to be silenced.
3. Pontius Pilate
He was the Roman governor to whom Jesus was brought and accused of blasphemy. Pontius Pilate, after questioning Jesus, decided that, indeed, Jesus was challenging the authority of Rome. Pilate sentenced Jesus to crucifixion a form of capital punishment in Roman times where an individual was nailed to a cross. After Jesus death, his body was removed from the cross and placed in a tomb.
According to the Gospels, three days later his body was gone, and rumors spread that a living Jesus was was appearing to his followers. Today, Christians believe he was resurrected or, rose from the dead. The apostles were more than ever convinced that Jesus was the Messiah. Out of this belief, Jesus came to be called by them Jesus Christ Christos is the Greek word meaning Messiah or savior. The name Christianity was derived from this Greek title given to Jesus.
The cross on which Jesus had been crucified became a symbol of this new religious sect as well as the sign of the fish
I will make you fishers of men
Matthew 4:19
4. Peter
The first apostle. Following Jesus death he helped spread the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and began the first community of believers (church) in Jerusalem.
Most Christians today recognize Peter as the rock (petra) of whom Jesus spoke when he said:
"You are Peter and on this rock I will build my Church. I will give you the keys to the kingdom of Heaven: whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven; whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.
Matthew 16:13-19
Francisco de Goya. St. Peter Repentant. c. 1823-25
REASONS FOR CHRISTIANITYS WIDE APPEAL

Textbook, p. 156 embraced all people (universal) men, women, and slaves, the poor, and nobles. gave hope to the powerless. appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome. offered a personal relationship with a loving God. promised a life after death a promise that gave much hope to those living under harsh circumstances in Rome at the time
CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11 How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Pax Romana
Period of peace provided ideal conditions for travel and exchange of ideas.
4. Paul
Paul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul. He never met Jesus, and according to the Christian New Testament, he once took part in persecuting followers of this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity. But then had a conversion experience.
His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus led him to have enormous impact on Christianity. His founding of churches throughout Greece and Rome, as well as his own interpretations of Jesus message, lead many to consider him the actual founder of Christianity.
The Conversion of St. Paul, Parmigianino. Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
4. Paul
He wrote letters to the churches, called epistles, that had a major impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings).
There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
Galatians 3:28
In his view, Jesus message was not only for Jews, but for everyone (even Gentiles, non-Jews).
This idea of Universal acceptance was an attractive doctrine that made it possible to bring in more converts.
The Apostle Paul in Prison, VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.
Jewish Rebellion
In 66 A.D., a band of Zealots rebelled against Rome. In 70 A.D., the Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple complex. All that remained was a western portion of the wall, which today is the holiest Jewish shrine. The Jewish fortress near Masada held out until 73 A.D. About a half million Jews were killed in the course of this rebellion. Most Jews were driven from their homeland into exile. This dispersal of the Jews is called the Diaspora.
Persecution of the Christians

Christians also posed a problem for Roman rulers because Christians refused to worship Roman gods. This refusal was seen as opposition to Roman rule. In A.D. 64, for example, when the emperor Nero was blamed for a disastrous fire in Rome, he said Christians were responsible and ordered them to be persecuted. Both the apostles Peter and Paul were put to death in Rome some time after A.D. 60.
Emperor Nero
Persecution of the Christians

Thousands were crucified, burned, or killed by wild animals in the circus arenas. Other Christians and even some non-Christians regarded persecuted Christians as martyrs. Martyrs were people willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a belief or a cause. Despite persecution, Christianity became a powerful religious force. By the late third century A.D., there were millions of Christians in the Roman Empire.
Early Christian Church

Christians soon began to give their religion a hierarchy, or structure, much as the Roman Empire had in its government. The local church level, a priest led each small group of Christians. A bishop, who was also a priest, supervised several local churches (diocese). Eventually, every major city had its own bishop. However, bishops of Rome later claimed to be the heirs of Peter. These bishops said that Peter was the first pope, the father or head of the Christian Church. They said that whoever was bishop of Rome was also the leader of the whole Church. Also, as Rome was the capital of the empire, it seemed the logical choice to be the center of the Church.
CHURCH HIERARCHY
Pope
Archbishop
Bishops Priests Lay people (Laity)
Constantine Accepts Christianity

The Roman emperor Constantine was fighting three rivals for his title. On the day before a major battle Constantine prayed for divine help. He reported that he then saw a cross of light in the heavens bearing the inscription, In this sign, conquer
Constantine and his troops were victorious in battle. In the next year, A.D. 313, Constantine announced
an end to the persecution of Christians.
7. Constantine
Ended the persecution of Christians and declared Christianity was one of the approved religions in the empire.
8. Theodosius
This Roman emperor made Christianity the sole / official religion of the empire in 380 A.D.
Discord and Harmony

As Christianity grew, disagreements about beliefs developed among its followers. Church leaders called any belief that appeared to contradict the basic teachings a heresy. Church leaders sought to set a single, official standard of belief. In A.D. 325, Constantine decided to end the disputes and the disorder they caused. He called Church leaders to Nicaea in Anatolia. There they wrote the Nicene Creed, which defined the basic beliefs of the Church.
The Fathers of the Church

One of the most important was Augustine, who became bishop of the city of Hippo in North Africa in 396. Augustine taught that while humans needed the grace of God to be saved, God was merciful and gave his grace freely. One of Augustines most famous books is The City of God. It was written after Rome was plundered in the fifth century. Augustine wrote that the fate of cities such as Rome was not important because the heavenly city, the city of God, could never be destroyed:
Ch. 6: ROME:
Section 3:
The Rise of Christianity
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule. Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus. Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul. Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately ! WARM-UP Look at map on p. 156 in your textbook and answer: 1. What major cities had become Christianized by 325 A.D. 2. Could a missionary reach all of these cities by sea? DISCUSSION of Section 3, Text p. / packet p. 11
NEXT ASSIGNMENT: Read Chapter 6, Section 5 and complete p.12 in packet Pre-A.P.: Library reserve article is due tomorrow!
Ch. 6: ROME:
Section 5: The Decline of the Roman Empire
Emperor Diocletion 284-305 A.D.
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire. Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.
CH 6: Rome Section 4, The Decline of the Roman Empire Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12 1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
a. Disruption of trade
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
Romes over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret even to Romes enemies. Disrupting that trade
From what foreign territories was Rome getting its grain from? Choking off that supply /
had devastating consequences.
CONDITION
CAUSE
THINK ABOUT IT
Romes over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret even to Romes enemies. Choking off that supply had devastating consequences. Today, is there a resource that the United States is overdependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?
What is that resource?
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, in 2003, the United States consumed 19.656 million barrels of petroleum (crude oil and petroleum products) per day, or about one-quarter of total world oil production. More than half (62%) was imported oil. As sources of domestic oil supplies disappear, the nation's increasing reliance on imported oil makes the United States vulnerable to oil supply disruptions, and threatens America's economic and energy security. U.S. Military and Oil U.S. dependence on the oil supplies and production facilities concentrated in the Persian Gulf make defense of this area a high priority for the U.S. military. There is no doubt that a portion of the U.S. military budget is used in large part to protect our access to Persian Gulf oil.
U.S. forces aim a howitzer at Iraqi forces during the Persian Gulf War in 1991.
~ U.S. Department of Energy
CONDITION
CAUSE
THINK ABOUT IT
Romes over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret even to Romes enemies. Choking off that supply had devastating consequences. Today, is there a resource that the United States is overdependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?
What is that resource?
CONDITION
a. Disruption of trade b. Gold & Silver drain
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean. Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was being spent outside of Romenot in Rome.
THINK ABOUT IT
What comparisons can be made here to the United States? What costly wars has the United States engaged in recently? What types of items do Americans purchase that are produced mainly in foreign countries?
CONDITION
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean. Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was being spent outside of Romenot in Rome.
PPI | Trade Fact of the Week | January 14, 2004
THINK ABOUT IT
The U.S. Trade Imbalance Has Grown From $100 Billion to $500 Billion Since 1997
Likely U.S. Exports, 2004: $1.0 trillion Likely U.S. Imports, 2004: $1.5 trillion
TRADE IMBALANCES were a Problem in Rome Too!

The first writer to complain about trade deficits seems to have been Pliny the Elder in 75 A.D. Gloomily cataloguing luxury imports -- Persian perfumery, Chinese silks, Indian diamonds, Arabian incense and pearls -- he blamed Roman women for costing the Empire 100 million sesterces a year. Pliny, apparently a bit of a kill-joy, considered silk immoral -- "we seek this material from the end of the earth, so Roman ladies can show off their see-through clothes in public" -- and called perfume "the most pointless of all luxuries."
CONDITION
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean. Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was being spent outside of Romenot in Rome. To pay off debt, the govt. raised taxes and coined more money but with less silver content. This devalued currency led to a rise in prices, or inflation.
c. Inflation
Budget office projects U.S. deficit to hit $477 billion

WASHINGTON (AP) -- The federal deficit will hit a record $477 billion this year and get worse if lawmakers cut taxes or increase spending, the Congressional Budget Office projected Monday in a report sure to become ammunition in the election-year fight over red ink.
CONDITION
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean. Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was being spent outside of Romenot in Rome. To pay off debt, the govt. raised taxes and coined more money but with less silver content. This devalued currency led to a rise in prices, or inflation. The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops for its thinned and spread out military. Rome began to recruit mercenaries soldiers for hire who had little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among military commanders for the throne of Rome.
c. Inflation
d. Decline of loyalty and discipline in the military.
CONDITION
CAUSE
The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops for its thinned and spread out military. Rome began to recruit mercenaries soldiers for hire who had little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among military commanders for the throne of Rome.
THINK ABOUT IT
U.S. forces proved quite sufficient to conquer Afghanistan and Iraq, but may be too small Dokeep find peace once the tyrants are gone to you the any similarities here to inside the Pentagon, where young colonels arrive before Deepthe present Pax Americana?
dawn to revise once more the short list of available combat units ready to deploy overseas, a nightmare scenario hangs in the air, unmentioned but unmistakable. With 140,000 U.S. troops tied down stabilizing Iraq, 34,000 in Kuwait, 10,000 in Afghanistan and 5,000 in the Balkans, what good options would George W. Bush have if, say sometime next spring, North Korea's Kim Jong Il decided to test the resilience of the relatively small " trip-wire" force of 37,000 American troops in South Korea? Where would the Pentagon turn if it had to rush? The answer may be the draft
CONDITION
CAUSE
The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops for its thinned and spread out military. Rome began to recruit mercenaries soldiers for hire who had little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among military commanders for the throne of Rome. Corruption and scandals in Rome, the weak economy, crumbling infrastructure, military and social conditions, all contributed to cynicism and apathy among Romans.
e. Citizen indifference and loss of patriotism.
THINK ABOUT IT U.S. Voter Turnout
Panem et circenses
- the Roman poet Juvenal
As things grew worse in the Empire, the Roman citizens were fed their regular bread and circuses - kept pacified or placated with entertainment and the dole (welfare) In this way it was hoped they were less likely to think about or discuss the serious problems facing the empire. THINK ABOUT IT
CH 6: Rome Section 4, The Decline of the Roman Empire Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 12
2. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire? Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands, claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office), And he divided the Empire into two parts: In the West the capital would remain Rome. In the East the capital would be Byzantium.
Diocletian 284-305 A.D. Read History Makers, Text p. 159
CONSIDER: How well do you think this solution of Diocletians worked? Two capitals? Two emperors?
The differences between East and West were growing increasingly more apparent
The West was breathing its last, the East had just taken a new fresh breath.
3. What did Constantine do to reform the empire? Extended the reforms of Diocletian but restored the concept of One ruler and moves the capital to Byzantium renaming the city Constantinople.
The Arch of Constantine in Rome Italy today.
Constantine First Christian Emperor of Rome 284-337 A.D. Read History Makers, Text p. 159
Which two tribes actually made it to Rome?
3. What caused the final collapse of the western Roman Empire? The Germanic tribes (Visigoths) and the Huns invaded. As things grew worse in the West, the wealthier Eastern half broke away and became the new Byzantine Empire.
B. Identify:
Attila leader of the Huns, an Asiatic tribe. Alaric leader of the Visigoths Odovacer German general who overthrew the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus the last Roman emperor, 14 years old.
"The western Empire of the Roman people, which first began with Octavian Augustus, the first of the emperors, perished with this Augustulus.... From this point on Gothic kings held power in Rome. ~ Count Marcellinus, 5th c. A.D.
The FALL of the Western Roman Empire 476 A.D.
Ch. 6: ROME:
Section 5: The Decline of the Roman Empire
Emperor Diocletion 284-305 A.D.
TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire. Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.
Ch. 6: ROME
Section 5: The Roots Of Western Civilization TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Describe the legacy of the Greco-Roman civilization. Identify Roman achievements in the arts, sciences, and law.
BRITAIN
GAUL
Alps Mts.
Tiber R.
Black Sea
Rome
SPAIN
Greece
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
Alexandria .
EGYPT
AFRICA
4. Pax Romana
200 year period of peace provided ideal conditions for travel and exchange of ideas.
4. Paul
Paul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul. He never met Jesus, and according to the Christian New Testament, he once took part in persecuting followers of this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity. But then had a conversion experience.
His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus led him to have enormous impact on Christianity. His founding of churches throughout Greece and Rome, as well as his own interpretations of Jesus message, lead many to consider him the actual founder of Christianity.
The Conversion of St. Paul, Parmigianino. Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
4. Paul
He wrote letters to the churches, called epistles, that had a major impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings).
There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
Galatians 3:28
In his view, Jesus message was not only for Jews, but for everyone (even Gentiles, non-Jews).
This idea of Universal acceptance was an attractive doctrine that made it possible to bring in more converts.
The Apostle Paul in Prison, VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.
2. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire? Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands, claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office), And he divided the Empire into two parts: In the West the capital would remain Rome. In the East the capital would be Byzantium.
Diocletian 284-305 A.D. Read History Makers, Text p. 159
CONSIDER: How well do you think this solution of Diocletians worked? Two capitals? Two emperors?
The differences between East and West were growing increasingly more apparent
The West was breathing its last, the East had just taken a new fresh breath.
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
A. Constantine B. Diocletian C. Paul D. Pax Romana E. Tiber
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is due in large part to the enormous influence of _______. He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________. 5. The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________. He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.

Ch6 The Romans

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Ch6 The Romans

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Ch.

Getting startedLets Understand Where Were Going

1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

They were skilled metalworkers and engineers.

1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?

600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome.

Did Latin evolve from old Etruscan writing?

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

A Keystone is the secret to an Arch-way.

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?

600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes king of Rome.

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy and establish a republic.

Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people)

Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people)

Patricians lived well in Rome, and usually had several slaves.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

Patricians (the upper class) and the Plebians (ordinary people)

451 B.C. Officials begin writing the Twelve Tables

See Models of Roman Forum, http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html

The Roman Republic

THE REPUBLIC of the United States of America

The Roman Senate in session.

CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3

CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.

More on the Roman legionaires

As Romes expansion begins one Rival stands in her way

CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.

6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?

Punic was the Latin word for the Phoenicians / purple

Alps Mts. Rome

CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.

6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?

1st War: Rome gains Sicily

Alps Mts. Rome

Who was Hannibal?

The famous Carthaginian General HANNIBALS Crossing of the Alps

CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.

6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?

1st War: Rome gains Sicily

2nd War: Rome gains Spain

Alps Mts. Rome

CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.

6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?

1st War: Rome gains Sicily

2nd War: Rome gains Spain

8. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?

"Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed.)

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6

ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146-7; Packet p. 6

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.