Using Information Technology Pertemuan 7 Chapter 6

Hardware: Input

6.1 Input & Output

Input hardware - devices that translate data into a form the computer can process Keyboard - a device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that can be read by the computers processor Pointing devices - control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen - Mouse - Trackball - Pointing stick - Touchpad

Input & Output

Pen input : - Pen-based computer system - allows users to enter handwriting and marks onto a computer screen by means of a penlike stylus rather than by typing on a keyboard - Light pen - a light-sensitive penlike device that uses a wired connection to a computer terminal Digitizer - converts drawings and photos to digital data using a mouselike device called a puck

Scanning and Reading Devices

Source data-entry devices create machinereadable data - Scanners - use light-sensing equipment to translate images of text, drawings, photos, and the like into digital form Bar-code readers: - Bar codes - photoelectric scanners that translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code

Scanning and Reading Devices

Mark-recognition and character-recognition devices sense marks or characters

-

MICR- character recognition system that uses magnetic ink and special characters OMR - uses a device that reads bubble marks and converts them into computerusable form OCR - converts scanned text from images to an editable text format that can be imported into a word processing application and manipulated

Fax machine scans an image and sends it as electronic signals over telephone lines to a receiving fax machine

Audio-Input Devices

Audio-input device - records analog sound and translates it for digital storage and processing
* Digitizing an audio signal: sound board MIDI board

Webcams & Video-Input Cards

Webcam a video camera attached to a computer to record moving images that can be posted on a website in real time Video cards: Frame-grabber video card Full-motion video card

Digital Cameras

Digital camera - uses a lightsensitive processor chip to capture photographic images in digital form and store them on a small diskette
Digital camera attached to a computer

Speech-Recognition Systems

Speech-recognition system - converts a persons speech into digital signals

Sensors

Sensor an input device that collects specific data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer

Human-Biology-Input devices

Biometrics - the science of measuring individual body characteristics

Palm print recognition reader

Screen of face recognition system

Pertemuan 8 Chapter 6 Hardware: Output

6.4 Input & Output

Output hardware - devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand - Softcopy - data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form - Hardcopy - printed output

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Display screens - output devices that show programming instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is processed

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Pixel (picture element) the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Factors affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image Resolution Color depth Refresh rate

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Factors affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch Resolution - the image sharpness of a display screen; the more pixels there are per square inch, the finer the level of detail Color depth Refresh rate

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Factors

affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch Resolution Color depth - the amount of information, expressed in bits, that is stored in a dot Refresh rate

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Factors

affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch Resolution Color depth Refresh rate - the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow remains bright

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Two types of monitors: CRT - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal

Flat-panel display

Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Printer

- an output device that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy medium
Dpi

- a measure of the number of rows and columns of dots that are printed in a square inch

Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Impact

printer - forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper
Non-impact

printer - forms characters and images without direct physical contact between the printing mechanism and paper

Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Nonimpact printers: Laser printer - creates images on a drum which are treated with a magnetically charged toner, and then transferred from drum to paper

Replacing a laser toner cartridge

Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Plotter - a specialized output device designed to produce high-quality graphics in a variety of colors

Multifunction printer output device that combines several capabilities, such as printing, scanning, copying, and faxing

6.6 Mixed Output: Sound, Voice, and Video

Sound

output devices - produce digitized sounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music
Voice

output devices - convert digital data into speech-like sounds

Video

output - photographic images which are played at 15-29 frames per second to give the appearance of full motion

Using Information Technology

Pertemuan 9 Chapter 7 Networks & Communications

7.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age

Analog

- continuously varying in strength and/or quality

Digital

- communications signals or information represented in a two-state (binary) way using electronic or electromagnetic signals

Purpose of the Modem - Converting Digital Signals to Analog Signals & Back

Modem - short for modulate/demodulate Sending modem - modulates digital signals into analog signals for transmission over phone lines Receiving modem - demodulates the analog signals back into digital signals

Telecommuting

Telecommuting working at home while in telecommunication with the office

Virtual Offices
Virtual office - an often nonpermanent and mobile office run with computer and communications technology

Smart Television
Digital

television (DTV) - uses a digital signal, or series of 0s and 1s

High-definition

television (HDTV) works with digital broadcasting signals and has higherresolution than standard television
Standard-definition

television (SDTV) allows broadcasters to transmit more information within the HDTV bandwidth

7.3 Communications Media and Transfer Rates

Communications

media carries signals over a communications path, the route between two or more communications media services
Wired Communications Media - Wires and Cables
Twisted-pair wire - two strands of insulated copper wire, twisted around each other

Wired Communications Channels

Coaxial cable - insulated copper wire wrapped in a solid or braided metal shield, then in an external cover

Fiber-optic cable dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that transmit pulsating beams of light rather than electricity
Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic strand

Wireless Communications Channels

Infrared transmission - the transmission of data signals using infrared-light waves

Microwave radio transmits voice & data through the atmosphere as super-high-frequency radio waves called microwaves

Broadcast radio - a wireless transmission medium that sends data over long distances-between regions, states, or countries Communications satellites - microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth

Long-Distance Wireless Communications

Global Positioning System (GPS) - 27 earth-

orbiting satellites continuously transmitting timed radio signals that can be used to identify earth locations
Car with GPS unit to guide users

Pagers - simple radio receivers that receive data (but not voice messages) sent from a special radio transmitter

Short-Range Wireless Communications

Bluetooth

- a short-range wireless digital standard aimed at linking cellphones, PDAs, computers, & peripherals up to distances of 30 feet

(wireless fidelity) - a short-range wireless digital standard aimed at helping portable computers and handheld wireless devices to communicate at high speeds and share internet connections at distances up to 300 feet
WiFi

7.4 Transmitting Data - Behind-theScenes Details

Factors Affecting Data Transmission

Line configurations : Point-to-point line - directly connects the sending & receiving devices Multipoint line - a single line that interconnects several communications devices to one computer Serial vs. parallel transmission Serial data transmission - bits are transmitted sequentially, one after the other
Serial Data Transmission

Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Serial

vs. parallel transmission

Parallel data transmission - bits are transmitted through separate lines simultaneously

Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex Simplex transmission - data can travel in only one direction

Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex Half-duplex transmission - data travels in both directions but only in one direction at a time

Full-duplex transmission - data is transmitted back and forth at the same time

Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Transmission mode - asynchronous vs. synchronous Asynchronous transmission - data is sent one byte at a time, with each string of bits making up the byte and bracketed with special control bits

Synchronous transmission - data is sent in blocks, with start and stop bit patterns (synch bytes) at the beginning and end of the blocks

Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Protocol - a set of conventions governing the exchange of data between hardware and/or software components in a communications network

7.5 Networks
Benefits

of networks -

Sharing of peripheral devices Sharing of programs and data Better communications Security of information Access to databases

Types of Networks

Wide area network (WAN) - a communications network that covers a wide geographical area, such as a country or the world

Metropolitan area network (MAN) - a communications network covering a city or a suburb Local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area

Intranets, Extranets, & Firewalls

Intranet

- an organizations internal private network that uses the infrastructure and standards of the internet and the web
Extranets

- private intranets that connect not only internal personnel but also selected suppliers and other strategic parties
Firewalls

- a system of hardware and software that blocks unauthorized users inside and outside the organization from entering the intranet
Virtual

private network are private networks that use a public network (usually the internet) to connect remote sites.

Pertemuan 10 Chapter 8 Files, Databases, & E-Commerce

8.1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts

Data

storage hierarchy - levels of data stored in a computer: Bits

Character (bytes)

Fields (unit data yang berisi 1 atau lebih karakter)

Records (kumpulan field2 yang berhubungan) Files (kumpulan record)

Key Field

A key field uniquely identifies a record for processing and retrieval The primary characteristic of the key field is that it is unique

Types

of Files Program files - contain computer instructions - Source program files - Executable files Data files - files that contain data (words, numbers, pictures, sounds, etc.)

Offline versus Online Storage

Offline storage data is not directly accessible for processing until the tape or disk its on has been loaded onto an input device

Online storage stored data is randomly (directly) accessible for processing

8.2 Database Management Systems

Database

management system (DBMS) programs that control the structure of a database and access to the data Types of database access: Individual databases Multiuser databases

Advantages of DBMS - Reduced data redundancy - Improved data integrity - Increased security - Ease of data maintenance

8.3 Database Models

Hierarchical database - fields or records are arranged in related groups, resembling a family tree, with child (lower-level) records subordinate to parent (higher-level) records

Example of cruise ship reservation system

Database Models

Network database - similar to a hierarchical database, but each child record can have more than one parent record

Example of college class-scheduling system

Database Models

Relational database - relates (connects) data in different files through the use of a key field, or common data element

Example of state department of motor vehicles database

8.4 Features of a Database Management System

A

database management system includes the following components:

lData

Dictionary - procedures document or disk file that stores the data definitions and descriptions of the structure of data used in the database
lDBMS

Utilities are programs that allow you to maintain the database

lReport

Generator is a program for producing an on-screen or printed document from all or part of a database.

Database Management System Components

A

database management system includes the following components (continued):

lAccess

Security - a feature allowing database administrators to specify different access privileges for different users of a DBMS Recovery - enable the database administrator to recover contents of the database in the event of a hardware or software failure

lSystem

Data Mining
Data

mining (DM) - the computer-assisted process of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of data in order to extract meaning and discover new knowledge Data mining process consists of: - Data acquisition (sumber data) - Data cleansing (penggabungan dan pembersihan) Meta-data generation (data tentang data) Data transport to data warehouse Searching for patterns Interpreting results

The Ethics of Using Databases

Privacy - the right of people not to reveal information about themselves The Ethics of Using Databases - Accuracy and completeness can be issue when searching for historical data - Monopolizing information by an individual or organization could lead to access related issues

Pertemuan 11 Chapter 9 The Challenges of the Digital Age

Errors & Accidents

Human

errors

Procedural Software

errors computer failures occur as a result of non-compliance of procedures errors software bugs

Electromechanical

problems failure of mechanical systems due to faulty construction,overheating, wearing out, or damage
Dirty

data problems - incomplete, outdated, or otherwise inaccurate data

Crimes Against Computers & Communications

Theft of hardware - shoplifting an accessory Theft of software and data - illegal copying of programs Theft of time and services using employers computer time to play games Theft of information stealing confidential personal records Crimes of malice and destruction abusing or vandalizing computers

Worms & Viruses

Worm

- a program that copies itself repeatedly into a computers memory or onto a disk drive
Virus

- a deviant program, stored on a computer drive, that can cause unexpected and often undesirable effects, such as destroying or corrupting data
Anti-virus

software - scans a computers hard disk, floppy disks, and main memory to detect viruses and destroy them

Computer Criminals
Hackers

- gain unauthorized access to computer or telecommunications systems - illegally break into computers for malicious purposes - more than 80% of all IT crime perpetrators users - suppliers and clients criminals - organized crime rings

Crackers

Employees

Outside

Professional

9.2 Security: Safeguarding Computers & Communications

Security - system of safeguards for protecting information technology Identification & Access Encryption Protection of software and data Disaster-recovery plans

Identification & Access

What you have What you know Who you are

What you have What you know Who you are

PIN (personal identification number) the security number known only to you that is required to access the system Password - a special word, code, or symbol required to access a computer system

Cards Keys Signatures Badges

Identification & Access

What you have

What you know Who you are

Biometrics science of measuring individual body characteristics

Iris scan

Encryption
Encryption

- the process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent authorized access Private key - same secret key used by both sender and receiver

Public key - two keys are used

Protection of Software & Data

Control

of access - restricts access to data files to those with a need to know Audit controls track which programs and servers were used, which files have been opened, etc. People controls - check resum facts, separate employee functions, shred papers, etc.

9.3 Quality-of-Life Issues: The Environment, Mental Health, & the Workplace
Environmental

problems: Manufacturing by-products - exposing semiconductor industry workers to a variety of hazardous toxins Disposal by-products Disposal by-products - e-waste - obsolete or broken PCs, monitors, printers, cellphones, TVs and other electronics Environmental blight Environmental blight - visual pollution represented by wireless towers, roof antennas, satellite dishes, and all the utility poles topped with transformers and strung with electric,

Environmental problems:
Manufacturing Disposal

by-products

by-products blight

Environmental Possible

risks of nanotechnology - manipulating materials such as carbon, zinc, and gold at molecular level

Mental-Health Problems
Isolation

- going for days without actually speaking with or touching another person
Gambling

- information technology makes it almost unavoidable

Stress

- 83% of corporate network administrators reported abusive and violent behavior by employees toward computers

Pertemuan 12 Chapter 11 Information Systems

Departments

Research and development (R&D) Production (operations) Marketing and sales Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel) Information systems (IS)

Management Levels
Top

(or senior) managers - concerned with longrange, or strategic, planning and decisions
Middle-level

managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization
Lower

(supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures

Types of Information
Structured

information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organizations internal activities
Unstructured

information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization

11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems

For lower managers - TPSs For middle managers - MISs and DSSs For top managers ESSs For all levels, including nonmanagement OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work

An organization chart and management levels and responsibilities

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

TPS

- a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business Features include For lower managers Produces detail reports One TPS for each department Forms the basis for MIS and DSS

Management Information System (MIS)

MIS

- a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output Features include For middle managers Draws from all departments Produces several kinds of reports

Decision Support System (DSS)

DSS

- a computerbased information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future Features include For middle managers Produces analytic models
Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance

Executive Support System (ESS)

ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making

Components of an ESS

Office Automation System (OAS)

OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity

Office automation systems

Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems

ES

is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert
Cooperative

systems organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people

11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design
System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one Users Management Technical staff

The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design

SDLC

The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary Investigation

Objectives Conduct the preliminary analysis Propose alternative solutions Describe the cost & benefits Submit a preliminary plan

1. 2. 3. 4.

The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System

1. 2. 3.

Objectives Gather data Analyze the data Write a report

Data flow diagram

The Third Phase - Design the System

Objectives Do a preliminary design Do a detail design Write a report

1. 2. 3.

The Fourth Phase - Develop the system

1.

Objectives Develop or acquire the software Acquire hardware Test the system

2.
3.

The Fifth Phase - Implement the System

Objectives Convert to the new system Train the users

1. 2.

Systems Development (contd)

Implementation

The process of converting from the old system to the new system Four major conversion strategies Parallel conversion: the old and new systems operate simultaneously for a period of time Direct conversion: the old system is cut off and the new systems is turned on at a certain point in time Pilot conversion: introduces the new system in one part of the organization Phased conversion: introduces components of the new system in stages

Systems Development (contd)

OLD NEW OLD

Parallel Conversion

NEW

Direct Conversion

OLD

NEW

Pilot Conversion

OLD

NEW

Phase Conversion

The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System

Objective To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions

The Traditional SDLC

(1) Systems Investigation

(2) Systems Analysis

(3) Systems Design (4) Programming (5) Testing

An eight-stage systems development life cycle (SDLC)

Development System

(7) Operation (8) Maintenance Go Back to a previous Stage or Stop

Maintenance System

(6) Implementation