Govt.Sen.Sec.

School Dalla
Ropar
 Project Report on Atomic Structure
 Prepared by:-
 Class 9th Students
 Sarabjit Kaur
 Amandeep Singh
 Yadwinder Singh
 Parveen Kaur
Bibliography:-
 Microsoft Encarta
 Internet
 CBSE Textbooks
 Introduction
 An atom is the ultimate indivisible
particle of matter that can exit
independently. This concept was given
by Dalton in the nineteenth century .At
that times scientist were questioning
whether atoms are really indivisible .It
was shown by various experiments
discussed below that atom is further
made up of three fundamentals
particles called Electrons, Protons and
Neutrons
 Cathode Rays Discovery of
Electrons:-
 Sir J.J Thomson performed a number of
experiments on the conductance of
electricity through glasses taken in a
discharge tube. At very low pressure ,the
discharge tube appears completely dark.
However the glass walls of the discharge
tube at the end of opposite to the
cathode start glowing due to the
bombardment of the walls of the glass
tube by invisible rays which are given out
by cathode. These rays are deflected
from their path by electric and magnetic
fields towards positive field .This proves
that particles of the rays possesses
 Anode Rays Discovery of
Proton
 Elections are negatively charged
particles but an atom is electrically
neutral .Therefore atom must contain
something which is positvely charged to
nerrtralise the negative charge of
electrons.E. woldstein discovered
another type of rays by employing a
perforated metal cathode in the
discharge tube.positive particles which
neither collide with electrons or cathode
rays nor strike the surface of cathode
but pass through the back of cathode.by
deflection of anode rays towards
negative plate in electric field it was
proved that these rays consist of +vely
charged particlas called protons.
Discovery of neutrons :-
 For all atoms except hydrogen mass of an
atom is more than number of protons. To
account for this extra mass Rutherford
predicted the existence of some neutral of
some neutral particles in the nucleus of an
atom having a mass equal to that of proton
but carrying no charge .For a long time
however the existence of this neutral particle
could not be proved .In 1932 Chadwick
discovered a new fundamental particle which
was having the same mass as that of proton
but carrying no charge .He bombarded a thin
beryllium foil with high speed alpha particles
and get uncharged particles.
4Bc + 2He -> 6C + n10
 9 4 12

Beryllium x-particle Carbon

Neutron
 Model of am Atom
In order to investigate the arrangement of the electrons and
protons and neutrons in an atom various model of an atom was
proposed but Bohr’s model was most accepted one. The
important postulates of Bohar’s model are:-
1. Atom consist of positively charged nucleus contains protons
and neutrons present at the Centre occupying a very small space.

2. Electrons revolve in certain definite orbits around the nucleus.

3. As long as electron revolves in a particular orbit it neither

emits nor absorb energy. The electrons in an atom can have
certain definite values of energy which are characteristic of that
atom.

4. Energy is emitted or absorbed by an atom only when an

electron moves
From one energy level to the other. Since the various energy
levels have
Certain definite values of energy the refers energy is always
emitted or absorbed in definite quantities called quanta.
 However later on,on the
basis of De brogue's concept of
dual nature of matter and Hues
berg’s uncertainty
Principle concept of fined circular
orbits was replaced by concept of
three divisional space around
nucleus where probability of
finding an electron is maximum
(orbital)