Dual Tone Multi-Frequency System

Dial Pulse DTMF

Project Participants: Michael Odion Okosun Farhan Mahmood Benjamin Boateng

Outline for Presentation.

Introduction Procedure Filter approach - Band Pass filter DFT approach - Goertzel algorithm Noise Implemetation and Tests Conclusion
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Introduction
DTMF standard was developed by Bell Laboratories. Dual Tone Multifrequency System (DTMF), is a touch pad dialling tone. DTMF standard is used in touch tone telephones and voice mail systems. Allow users and devices to dial at much higher rate because of the uniformity of numbers. Each digit corresponds to a high frequency and a low frequency Both are transmitted simultaneously Works by sending two sinusoids for each symbol pressed on the telephone keypad. Low group: 697 Hz, 770 Hz, 852 Hz, 941 Hz High group: 1209 Hz, 1336 Hz, 1477 Hz,
Fig. DTMF

The tones are divided into two groups:

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Procedure for decoding DTMF Signal

Dividing the signal into shorter equal time segments. Determining which two frequency component are present in each time segment. Determining which button was pressed. A DTMF decoding system has two parts:
a set of bandpass filters to isolate individual frequency components, a detector to determine whether or not a tone frequency is present
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Fig. Filter with bandpass

Approaches
Filtering approach
Simple Bandpass filter

DFT approach
Goertzel Algorithm
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Band Pass Filter

A filter with a transmission that is high for a particular band of frequencies, but that falls to low values above and below this band.

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Fig. DTMF detection using Bandpass filter

Band Pass Filter

DFT Approach
A block of samples is taken, and its Discrete Fourier Transform is found for a set of frequencies used in signalisation. The most efficient way to find DFT for small number of frequencies is the use of Goertzels algorithm. The Goertzel algorithm is a special case of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).

Goertzel Algorithm
The technique is to measure the signal energy before and after the filter and to compare the two. The Goertzel algorithm is more efficient when only a small number of points need to be calculated. The Goertzel filter is an IIR filter that uses the feedback to generate a very high band pass filter where the coefficients are easily generated from the required centre frequency.
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Goertzel Algorithm
The Goertzels algorithm is based on the use of second-order cell, which uses signal samples as input and gives the DFT coefficients as its output. The operation of the Goertzels algorithm is described by two difference equations:
2k vk (i ) = 2 cos vk (i 1) + vk (i 2) + x(i ) N
k yk (i ) = vk (i ) + vk (i 1)WN

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Fig. Goertzel second order cell

Noise
The noise is used to designate the unwanted waves that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of signal. White Noise
is produced by combining sounds of all different frequencies together. equal power density across the entire spectrum. constant energy at all frequencies.

Gaussian Noise
Synonym of White noise
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The whole system has been decomposed in seven parts i.e.

Implementation

Global variable.m provides the one entry point for all the variables used in this system. It provides the access to set and modify the variables. Encoder.m deals with the generation of signal, which represent the dialled number. As the function starts all the global variables are imported. Decoder.m provides the user to choose between two options for the detection.
Bandpass filter Goertzel Algorithm

Bandpass.m gets a vector z of dual tone and it convolves the z vector with the impulse response of the filters to detect each digit dialled by the user. Goertzel algorithm.m receives a vector z of dual tone and by using DFT, which is implemented with algorithm, detects each digit dialled. The algorithm analyse the input signal and output data is the frequency of each component signal. Graph represents the results graphically which comes from the bandpass filter or goertzel algorithm

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The Program
1. Start matlab and at the command line enter: encoda This wills popup the following window.

2. Again at the command line enter: decoda This will show the following: SELECT THE METHOD YOU WANT TO USE FOR THE DETECTION CHOOSE 1 FOR BANDPASS OR 2 FOR GOERTZEL AND ENTER

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Without Noise Bandpass filter

Output displaying the Bandpass filter without noise

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Goertzel Algorithm
Output displaying the Goertzel Algorithm without noise

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The dialled digits in the encoder: 16*0#

Output of Bandpass filter with noise

Output of Goertzel algorithm with noise

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Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

Quantity used to describe the quality of signal. Ratio of magnitude of wanted signal to unwanted signal expressed in dB. The transformation from dB to noise power is done following way: SNR ( dB ) = 10 log10 ( Px ) 10 log10 ( Pw )
Where Px = Signal Power Pw = Noise Power

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Test for the SNR

Output of DTMF tone

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Test Results from Different Dialled Numbers

Dialled no 1 2 20836099 24830009 0023324686043 Signal power 1.0070 1.0037 1.0036 1.0036 1.0056 Noise power 0.0148 0.0165 0.0148 0.0167 0.0162 SNR [dB] 18.3279 17.8322 18.3160 17.7809 17.9198

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Formula for the SNR

Conclusion
Seven different frequencies (697 Hz, 770 Hz, 852 Hz, 941 Hz, 1209 Hz, 1336 Hz, 1477 Hz) in DTMF system were tested. The DTMF signal was generated using an encoder and then transmitted through a channel. As a result the transmitted signal were decoded at the receiver by using two approaches i.e. Bandpass filter and the DFT i.e. Goertzel algorithms. Afterwards, Gaussian white noise was added in the transmission channel and the same approach applied. The system has been tested for different signal to noise ratio and we have found that Goertzel algorithm approach performs well as compared to band pass filter since with bandpass filter it goes to the negative SNR region.20