Perception

Introduction
Perception refers to the way we try to understand the world around us. We gather information through our five sense organs, but perception adds meaning to these sensory inputs. The process of perception is essentially subjective in nature, as it is never an exact recording of the event or the situation.
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Meaning
Perception. The process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to information. Perceptual information is gathered from:
Sight. Hearing. Touch. Taste. Smell.
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Definition
Perception is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment.

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What is the perceptual process?

Characteristics of the object
The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics

of the perceived object, or event, such as:

Contrast.
Intensity. Size. Motion. Repetition (Advertisement) Novelty(familiarity)job rotation
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What is the perceptual process?

Characteristics of the person

Attitudes Self Concept Personality

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Perceptual Process
Perceptual Inputs

Perceptual Throughputs
Receiving Selecting Organising

Perceptual Outputs

Actions

Interpreting

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Common perceptual

distortion(falsification) include:
Stereotypes or prototypes.

Halo effects.
Selective perception. Projection. Contrast effects.
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What are common perceptual distortions?

Stereotypes or prototypes.
It is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the

basis of a single attribute. Perceptions based on stereotypes about peoples gender exist more or less in most work places. For egif women sitting behind the table in the office is ,very often perceived as a clerk and

not an executive but would make the opposite assumption

about the man.
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What are common perceptual distortions?

Halo effects. Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation. Likely to occur in the organization stage. Individual differences are obscured. Important in the performance appraisal process.
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What are common perceptual distortions?

Selective perception.:-It is the process of

screening out the information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. For eg a manager has formed a negative impression about a particular worker and when he happens to observe a high performance from the worker ,he too disregard it .

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Projection. The assignment of ones personal attributes to other individuals. Especially likely to occur in interpretation stage. Projection can be controlled through a high degree of self-awareness and empathy.

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Contrast effects.
Occur when an individual is compared to other

people on the same characteristics on which

the others rank higher or lower.

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Impression Management
Impression management is an attempt to control the perceptions or impressions of others. Targets are especially likely to use impression management tactics when interacting with perceivers who have power over them and on whom they are dependent for evaluations, raises, and promotions. Individuals who are high in self-monitoring are more likely than individuals who are low in selfmonitoring to engage in impression management tactics.
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The process of Impression Management

Most Recently two separate components of

impression management have been identified;, Impression motivation and impression construction. especially in an employment situation, subordinates must be motivated to control how their boss perceives them.
Impression Construction the other major process

.The specific type of impression people want to make and how they go about doing it.

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Employee Impression Management Strategies

There are two types of Impression Management

strategies that employee can use.

Demotion preventative Strategy:-When employees are

trying to minimize responsibility for some negative event or to stay out of trouble.
Promotion enhancing strategy:-if employees are

seeking to maximize responsibility for a positive outcome or to look better than they really are .
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Attitude
It is an individuals point of view or an individuals way of looking at something ,or to be more explicit (clear or open) ,an attitude may be explained as the mental state of an individual, which prepares him to react or make him behave in a particular pre-determined way.
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Definition
A learned pre disposition(nature or character) to respond in a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event-this is often referred to as the attitude object
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 WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.

Perception
The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship. Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

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The Perceptual Process

1. Sensation 3.Organization An individuals ability The process of placing to detect stimuli in the selected perceptual immediate stimuli into a environment. framework for storage. 2. Selection The process a person 4.Translation uses to eliminate some The stage of the of the stimuli that have perceptual process at been sensed and to which stimuli are retain others for further interpreted and given 21 Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 processing. meaning.

Perceptual Process Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal)

Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature,

Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest,

Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection

Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

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Factors influencing perception

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.

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 Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5

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PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.

Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity

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Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

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Shortcuts in judging others

Selective Perception : People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes. Halo Effect : Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single charecteristics.

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 Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same

characteristics.
Projection : Attributing one's own characteristics to other people. Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that persons belongs.
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