Image Analysis

Low level modules

• Need for Meta data
• Need for File format
• BMP File format
• Opening a BMP File
• Reading Header Info
• Reading BMP Data
• 32 bit boundary for
each pixel row … ?
• Palettes
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
// Converting to Grey Scale
// pixel is a struct of three char type
// variables

char gray;

for(int y=0;y < pich; ++y)

{
for(int x=0; x < picw; ++x )
{
gray = 0.299 * pixel[x][y].red
gray += 0.587 * pixel[x][y].green
gray += 0 .114 * pixel[x][y].blue

pixel[x][y].blue = grey
pixel[x][y].green = grey
pixel[x][y].red = grey
}
//minimum processing is done inside the loop
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Great Introduction with practical examples and
coding

• http://www.codeproject.com/cs/media/csharpgraphicf
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Brightness
– Increase = Add a number (eg. 50)
to each blue component.
– Decrease = Subtract a number (eg
50) from each blue component
– Make it 0 if results in < 0
– Make if 255 if results in > 255
N= +50 N= –50
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Contrast

N= +30 N= –30
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Gamma correction

Gamma = 0.6 Gamma = 0.3

 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Color Filter

Red=0 Red=0 Red=unchanged

Green=unchanged Green=0 Green=0
Blue=0 Blue=unchanged Blue=0
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Smoothing
– Convolution kernel
– Smoothing filter
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Gaussian mask

1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1

Normalization Factor =
16
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Laplacian mask

-1 -1 -1
-1 8 -1
-1 -1 -1

Normalization factor = 1
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Digitization
– Converting Analog Signals to Digital Signals
– Quantization level
– Spatial Resolution
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Region
– Connected set of pixels that are invariant with
respect to some features of themselves
– Ideally should be exactly same BUT
practically some tolerance factor or
Thershold of variability can be applied
– Path  take any two pixels of the same
region, one should be reachable from the
other without leaving the region
 Image Analysis
Low level modules
• Edge
– If difference between neighbouring pixels if
greater the thershold
– Thershold should be set carefully
 Image Analysis
High-level modules
• Feature vectors
• Discriminant functions
If size(region_x) > Thershold
Region_x is a screw driver
Else
Region_x is a bolt
• How to find discriminant functions
– Plot a graph between number of region (y-
axis) and size of region (x – axis)
 Image Analysis
High-level modules
• Model Based
– Object(Color, texture, relative location)
• Grass (Green, smooth, below)
• Tree (Gree, irregular, between)
• Sky (light blue, irregular/regular, above)
• Water (blue, irregular/regular, above)
• Mountains (brown, irregular, between)

• Fuzzy
– FOR GRASS
» color = green(0.8), red(0.1), blue(0.1)
» Texture = smooth (0.8) irregular (0.2)
» Below (0.9), between(0.1), above(0.0_