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from source to mouth (137km; 85mi)

River Tees

River Tees source

Upper valley characteristics

Upper valley characteristics

Upper valley characteristics


Vshape valley, vertical erosion dominant

Upper valley characteristics


Vshape valley, vertical erosion dominant Interlocking spurs

Upper valley characteristics


Vshape valley, vertical erosion dominant Interlocking spurs Slumping and landslides very active hillslopes

Upper valley characteristics


Vshape valley, vertical erosion dominant Interlocking spurs Slumping and landslides very active hillslopes
Terracettes formed by soil creep

Upper valley characteristics


Vshape valley, vertical erosion dominant Interlocking spurs Slumping and landslides very active hillslopes
Terracettes formed by soil creep Narrow, shallow channel, low velocity and discharge

Upper valley characteristics


Vshape valley, vertical erosion dominant Interlocking spurs Slumping and landslides very active hillslopes
Terracettes formed by soil creep Narrow, shallow channel, low velocity and discharge Large bedload derived from upstream and from valley sides

Interlocking spurs, Lake District


A typical upper course valley with interlocking spurs, steep valley sides and active slope processes

Choked runnel, Dark Peak


Ephemeral stream or runnel - water present only during high rainfall events

Choked runnel, Dark Peak


Ephemeral stream or runnel - water present only during high rainfall events Debris brought downslope towards channel dropped when water disappears after storm

Choked runnel, Dark Peak


Vertical erosion creating steep, bare slopes vulnerable to further erosion - an example of positive feedback in a slope system Ephemeral stream or runnel- water present only during high rainfall events Debris brought downslope towards channel dropped when water disappears after storm

River load in upper course

Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the c________ and c__________ of load at higher flow levels

River load in upper course

Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the capacity and competence of load at higher flow levels

River load in upper course

Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the capacity and competence of load at higher flow levels

River load in upper course


Boulders are large and semi-rounded, due to attrition within the load and abrasion with the stream bed and banks Load is dumped in summer due to the low discharge unable to carry the capacity and competence of load at higher flow levels

Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley

Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley


Rapids are miniwaterfalls

Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded

Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley


Rapids are miniwaterfalls Shallow, slow flowing river due to large amount of friction.

Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded

Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley


Rapids are miniwaterfalls Shallow, slow flowing river due to large amount of friction. Wetted perimeter is large compared to cross sectional area of water resulting in a low ????????????

Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded

Rapids in the Upper Tees Valley


Rapids are miniwaterfalls Shallow, slow flowing river due to large amount of friction. Wetted perimeter is large compared to cross sectional area of water resulting in a low hydraulic radius (low efficiency)

Protruding bands of more resistant strata create steps over which rapids fall - the river bed is ungraded

Tees above High Force

Tees: Cauldron Snout

High Force

High Force waterfall, R. Tees

Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone.

High Force waterfall, R. Tees

Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone. Plunge pool where the dolerite wall is undercut, causing rockfalls and recession of the waterfall

High Force waterfall, R. Tees

Waterfall creates gorge as it recedes upstream by eroding the base and neck

Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone. Plunge pool where the dolerite wall is undercut, causing rockfalls and recession of the waterfall

High Force
The long profile will be graded over time Waterfall creates gorge as it recedes upstream by eroding the base and neck

Huge step in river bed due to igneous intrusion of dolerite into the limestone. Plunge pool where the dolerite wall is undercut, causing rockfalls and recession of the waterfall

Headward erosion, R. Colorado

Headward erosion, R. Colorado

River seeps out from spring at base and undermines steep cliff, causing rockfalls and headwall

Headward erosion, R. Colorado


Rivers erode in a headward direction, eating back into plateau River seeps out from spring at base and undermines steep cliff, causing rockfalls and headwall

Potholes in R. Wharfe
Smooth sculpturing of rock by abrasion, showing evidence of water levels during high discharge events Vertical erosion is dominant

Close-up of potholes

Close-up of potholes

Close-up of potholes
Circular potholes due to eddying motion when river energy is high

Close-up of potholes
Circular potholes due to eddying motion when river energy is high Potholes will join together by abrasion, and deepen by vertical erosion

Close-up of potholes
Circular potholes due to eddying motion when river energy is high Potholes will join together by abrasion, and deepen by vertical erosion

Load is picked up and used to scour or abrade pothole. Load itself becomes rounded by attrition

Potholes, human scale!!

Middle course, R. Tees

Middle course, R. Tees


Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottom

Middle course, R. Tees


Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottom First signs of meanders

Middle course, R. Tees


Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottom First signs of meanders Floodplain

Middle course, R. Tees


Valley opens out, more gentle slopes, wider valley bottom First signs of meanders Floodplain River channel wider, deeper, greater velocity and discharge

Tees middle course

Meander

Helical flow in a meander

Thalweg, riffles, pools

Meander
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
Floodplain

Meander
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
Floodplain Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the

Meander
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
Floodplain Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the thalweg and helicoidal flow

Meander
Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy
Floodplain Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the thalweg and helicoidal flow.

Meander
Floodplain

Point bar deposits on the inner meander bend where there is low energy

pool riffle

pool

Steep bank known as the river bluff or cliff, caused by concentrated erosion due to the thalweg and helicoidal flow Pools develop at meander bends and riffles in the stretches between bends

Meander on the R. Colorado

Meander on the R. Colorado


Meander incised into plateau due to rejuvenation

Meander on the R. Colorado


Meander incised into plateau due to rejuvenation Different strata show evidence of past climates or hydrological events

Meander on the R. Colorado


Meander incised into plateau due to rejuvenation Different strata show evidence of past climates or hydrological events. Stratum with large boulders must have formed in wetter conditions when higher river discharge carried

Migrating meanders, R. Gongola, Nigeria

Migrating meanders, R. Gongola, Nigeria


Former course marked by white sediments

Current channel is braided

River terraces, R. Agri, S. Italy

River terraces, R. Agri, S. Italy

River has been rejuvenated causing renewed vertical erosion base level has dropped either due to rising land or falling sealevel

River terraces, R. Agri, S. Italy

Flat terraces represent former floodplains

River has been rejuvenated causing renewed vertical erosion base level has dropped either due to rising land or falling sealevel

Tees middle course

Flooding in the Severn Valley

Flooding in the Severn Valley


Floodplain can be mapped into risk zones high to low

Flooding in the Severn Valley


Floodplain can be mapped into risk zones high to low Floods can be beneficial - they renew soil fertility by depositing sediment on floodplain

Flooding in the Severn Valley


Floodplain can be mapped into risk zones high to low Floods can be beneficial - they renew soil fertility by depositing sediment on floodplain
Floods result in large amounts of sediment transported in the channel

Tees estuary

Tees mouth

Summary of channel characteristics (1) Processes

Summary of channel characteristics (1) Processes


Erosion
Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic action Headward Vertical Lateral

Summary of channel characteristics (1) Processes


Erosion
Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic action Headward Vertical Lateral

Transport
Suspension Solution Bedload - traction - saltation

Summary of channel characteristics (1) Processes


Erosion
Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic action Headward Vertical Lateral

Transport
Suspension Solution Bedload - traction - saltation

Deposition

Summary of channel characteristics (2) Landforms

Summary of channel characteristics (2) Landforms


Rapids Waterfalls Potholes

Summary of channel characteristics (2) Landforms


Rapids Waterfalls Meander Bluff/cliff

Potholes

Point bar
Pool

Riffle

Summary of channel characteristics (2) Landforms


Rapids Waterfal l Pothole Meander Bluff/cliff Knick point Braids

Point bar
Pool

Delta

Riffle

Summary of channel characteristics (3) Concepts and technical terms

Summary of channel characteristics (3) Concepts and technical terms


Discharge Regime - flashy - regular Capacity Competence

Summary of channel characteristics (3) Concepts and technical terms


Discharge Regime - flashy - regular Capacity Competence Hydraulic radius - cross sectional area - wetted perimeter

Summary of channel characteristics (3) Concepts and technical terms


Discharge Regime - flashy - regular Capacity Competence Hydraulic radius - cross sectional area - wetted perimeter Long profile Graded profile Rejuvenation Base level

Summary of channel characteristics (3) Concepts and technical terms


Discharge Regime - flashy - regular Capacity Hydraulic radius Long profile - cross sectional area - wetted perimeter Graded profile Rejuvenation Base level Thalweg Helicoidal flow Meander migration

Competence

Summary of valley characteristics

Summary of valley characteristics


Upper
Slumps Landslides Terracettes (soil creep) Interlocking spurs V shaped valley

Summary of valley characteristics


Upper Slumps Landslides Terracettes (soil creep) Interlocking spurs V shaped valley Wider valley Gentler valley sides Floodplain Meanders

Middle

Summary of valley characteristics


Upper Slumps Landslides Terracettes (soil creep) Interlocking spurs V shaped valley Wider valley Gentler valley sides Floodplain Meanders

Middle

Lower

Widest part of valley Terraces

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