WELCOME TO

OPTICAL COMPUTING

CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION 2.WHAT IS THE OPTICAL CURRENT COMPUTING 3.WHY WE NEED OPTICAL OPTICAL COMPUTERS 4.WHY WE NEED OPTICS FOR OPTICAL COMPUTING 5.COMPONENTS FOR COMPUTING 5.1.VCSEL 5.1.1.VCSEL AND PHOTODIODE 5.2.SMART PIXEL TCHNOLOGY 5.3.WDM 5.4.ADVANCES IN PHOTONIC 6.HOW DOES IT WORK 7.FUTURE BENEFITS VS. LIMITATION 8.SILICON MACHINES VS COMPUTER 9.INTERCONNECTIONS IN COMPUTING 10.ADVANTAGES 11.LIMITATIONS 12.FUTURE TRENDS 13.CONCLUSION 14.REFFERENCE

INTRODUCTION
With the growth of computing technology the need of high performance computers (HPC) has significantly increased. Optics has been used in computing for a number of years but the main emphasis has been and continues to be to link portions of computers, for communications, or more intrinsically in devices that have some optical application or component (optical pattern recognition etc.)

CONTINUED
Optical

computing was a hot research area in 1980s.But the work tapered off due to materials limitations. Using light, instead of electric power, for performing computations. This choice is motivated by several features that light has: It is very fast. Actually the fastest thing that we know, and speed is exactly what we need for our computers. It can be easily manipulated (divided, transported, delayed, split, etc). It is very well suited for parallelization. Optical computing technology is, in general, developing in two directions.

CONTINUED
One

approach is to build computers that have the same architecture as present day computers but using optics that is Electro optical hybrids. Another approach is to generate a completely new kind of computer, which can perform all functional operations in optical mode.

WHAT IS THE OPTICAL COMPUTING?

Consider E-mail

Electronic To Photonic Converter .txt format Fiber optic cables

Optical Computers perform computations, operate, store and transmit data using only light.

 Rapid

growth of the Internet Network speeds currently limited by electronic circuits Terabit speeds are required Traditional silicon circuits have a physical limit

WHY WE USE OPTICS FOR COMPUTING?

So

to make computers faster, their components must be smaller and there by decrease the distance between them. This has resulted in the development of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology But they are limited not only by the speed of electrons in matter but also by the increasing density of interconnections necessary to link the electronic gates on microchips.

CONTINUED
One

of the theoretical limits on how fast a computer can function is given by Einsteins principle that signal cannot propagate faster than speed of light. The optical computing comes as a solution of miniaturization problem.

COMPONENTS FOR COMPUTING

1.VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) 2.SPT (Smart Pixel Technology) 3.WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 4.Advances in photonic switches

VCSEL (VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASER

VCSEL (pronounced vixel) is a semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode that emits light in a cylindrical beam vertically from the surface of a fabricated wafer There are two special semiconductor materials sandwiching an active layer where all the action takes place. But rather than reflective ends, in a VCSEL there are several layers of partially reflective mirrors above and below the active layer. Layers of semiconductors with differing compositions create these mirrors, and each mirror reflects a narrow range of wavelengths back in to the cavity in order to cause light emission at just one wavelength.

VCSEL & PHOTODIODE

SMART PIXEL TECHNOLOGY

Smart pixel technology is a relatively new approach to integrating electronic circuitry and optoelectronic devices in a common framework. Here, the electronic circuitry provides complex functionality and programmability. While the optoelectronic devices provide high-speed switching and compatibility with existing optical media.

CONTINUED
Arrays of these smart pixels leverage the parallelism of optics for interconnections as well as computation. A smart pixel device, a light emitting diode under the control of a field effect transistor can now be made entirely out of organic materials on the same substrate for the first time. In general, the benefit of organic over conventional semiconductor electronics is that they should lead to cheaper, lighter, circuitry that can be printed rather than

WDM (WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)

Wavelength

division multiplexing is a method of sending many different wavelengths down the same optical fiber. Using this technology, modern networks in which individual lasers can transmit at 10 gigabits per second through the same fiber at the same time.

CONTINUED

WDM can transmit up to 32 wavelengths through a single fiber, but cannot meet the bandwidth requirements of the present day communication systems. So now-a-days DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing) is used. This can transmit up to 1000 wavelengths through a single fiber. That is by using this we can improve the bandwidth efficiency.

ADVANCES IN PHOTONIC SWITCHES

Logic

gates are the building blocks of any digital system. An optical logic gate is a switch that controls one light beam by another; it is ON when the device transmits light and it is OFF when it blocks the light.

 Photonic

circuits Organic compounds No short-circuiting possible No heat dissipation Speed of light in photonic circuits will be close to speed of light in vacuum Light beams can travel in parallel They can transfer data in parallel.

HOW DOES OPTICAL COMPUTER WORK?

Future Benefits

vs.

Current Limitations

No conversion of data Faster that todays machines Increased computational power Optimized storage Increased bandwidth Super-fast database

Photonic circuit accuracy Requirement of power

Silicon Machines

versus Optical Computers

INTERCONNECTIONS IN OPTICAL COMPUTING

1.Fiber optic cables and transceivers are widely used. optical

2.Applications of optical communications like fiber channel and computer networking are already being used. 3.Chip to Chip and On-Chip interconnection possibilities are still being examined.

ADVANTAGES
Small size High density High speed Low heating of junctions Dynamically reconfigurable and scalable into larger or smaller topologies and network Massively parallel computing capability Applications in artificial intelligence applications

LIMITATION
#Although there is a basic speed limitation in
optoelectronic conversion delays ,WDM is used to get around this limitation.

dense organization of optical processing units but DWDM techniques can be used to overcome these limitations too.

#Promising but there are problems regarding

FUTURE TRENDS
1.The Ministry of Information Technology has initiated a photonic development program. Under this program some funded projects are continuing in fiber optic high-speed network systems. 2.Research is going on for developing new laser diodes, photo detectors, and nonlinear material studies for faster switches.

FUTURE TRENDS

CONCLUSION
@Research in optical computing has opened up new possibilities in several fields related to high performance computing, high-speed communications. To design algorithms that execute applications faster , software development will have a major impact in the future and the ground rules for the computing may have to be rewritten.

REFFERENCE
1.http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-opticalcomputer-full-seminar-reportdownload#ixzz1EOqcYYtX 2.http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-opticalcomputing-seminar-report#ixzz1EOl8fuY2

3. http://www.seminarprojects.com/Threadoptical-computing-seminarreport#ixzz1EOpECu5W

CONTINUED
4.http//www.seminars4u.com/optical

computers seminar report

5.http//www.wikipedia.com/Thread-optical computer-download 6.http//www.powespointpresentation.com/optical computing

ANY
QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU