EFFORTS BY: NIL GAGAN (1307) PRIYANKA KANKARIA(2107)

INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE PRACTICE STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMNT STRUCTURAL FILLING THERMAL STABLIZATION

Ground Improvement techniques are tools for fixing the problems of poor ground. Ground improvement in soil has five major functions: (1) Increase the bearing capacity (2) Control deformations and accelerate consolidation, (3) Provide lateral stability, (4)Form seepage cut-off and environmental control, (5) to increase resistance to liquefaction.

The soil improvement methods mostly used in the current state of the practice can be divided into eight main categories:
Reinforcement Thermal stabilization

Consolidation
Densification Weight reduction

Chemical treatment
Electrotreatment Biotechnical stabilization

The mode of action of reinforcement in soil is not one of carrying developed tensile stresses as in reinforced concrete but of anisotropic reduction of normal strain rate.
Materials Three basic materials required are as follows: Soil or fill matrix Reinforcement or anchor system A facing if necessary

Materials are selected based on availability and design consideration.

In conventional structures, well graded cohesionless fill or a good cohesive frictional fill can be used. Advantage of cohesionless fills
Stable, free drainage, not susceptible to frost and relatively non corrosive to reinforcing elements.

Its disadvantage is its cost. In case of cohesion soils Advantage is availability but there may be long term durability problem together with distortion of the structure. As a result cohesive frictional fill may be preferred. Wastes such as mine wastes and pulverised fuel ash are the wastes usually employed

Variety of materials such as steel, concrete, glass, fibre, wood, rubber, aluminium and thermoplastics can be used as reinforcing material. It can be in the form of strips, grids, anchors and sheet material, chain, planks, rope, vegetation and combination of these or other material forms.

The principle requirement of reinforcing materials are strength, the stability, durability

Geogrids are formed using polymer and steel in the form of plain or galvanized weld mesh Biaxial geogrids are used in base reinforcement applications such as roads and parking lots. They provide good tensile strength in both principle directions.

Strips are linear flexible material with breadth greater than thickness, material can be aluminium, copper, polymners, GRP, and bamboo.

Principle :-Rod shaped reinforcements, so-called soil nails, are installed in the undisturbed soil in order to increase the tensile and shear strength. Used to stabilise terraces, deep excavations and slope faces

: STRENGTH Resistance and stability of the composite structure for significant load-bearing capacity. COST EFFECTIVENESS Ease and speed of construction in reducing overall cost. RELIABILITY Durability of the materials used is well documented and the safety of the structures unrivalled. ADAPTABILITY Provides solutions to complex cases like restricted right-of-way, unstable natural slopes, marginal foundation conditions and large settlements. AESTHETIC APPEARANCE The variety of facings can meet all architectural requirements.

Heating and Freezing can be used for ground improvement,

Soil heating is still in the experimental stage and has seen little application
Ground freezing, has wider acceptance as a temporary measure for excavation support in urban areas.

Thermal stabilization is effective but cost of heating or cooling to effect stabilization is no way competitive with cost of other techniques

Principle:- Increase in temperature increase soil strength by reducing electric repulsion between the particles. It is technically feasible to stabilize fine grain soil by heating

Temperature 100 C :- Cause drying and significant increase in strength of clay with decrease in compressibility

Temperature 500 C :- Permanent change in structure of clay, decrease in plasticity and moisture adsorption capacity Temperature 1000 C :- Cause fusion of clay into solid substance like brick.

:Heat changes expansive clay into non expansive material. Burning of liquid or gas in boreholes or injection of hot air into 0.15 m to 0.2 m diameter boreholes can produce 1.3 to 1.5 m diameter stabilized zone after continuous treatment for 10 days Injection of hot nonsaturated soils. gases is applicable only to

This technique is only favoured when a site is located near large and inexpensive heat source.

Soil to be stabilized is sintered by gaseous products of fuel combustion

Cooling of clay increase interparticle repulsion resulting in small loss in strength and moves the pore water.

Freezing of pore water in soil cause stabilization of the soil As the soil freezes its strength increases . Frozen soil is stronger and less pervious than unfrozen ground.

Expandable liquids refrigerants like liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon di-oxide, liquid propane serve as coolant for soil stabilization.

Saturated soil expands during freezing and contracts during thawing. Most important in underpining application It is necessary to check ground temperature before excavation