RADIATION [Light],

SPECTROSCOPY, and
TELECOPES
J.T. II Olivar, MAEd
Faculty of Arts and Letters
University of Santo Tomas
Outlin e o f the L ectu re

 Light and Radiation

 Spectroscopy
 Telescopes
LIGHT AD RADI ATI ON

 Electromagnetic Radiation
 Visible Light (400-700 nanometers)
 Radio, Infrared (increasing wavelength,
decresing frequency)
 Ultraviolet, X ray, Gamma ray (decreasing
wavelength, increasing frequency)
Wave Mo tio n

 Wave
 Is a way in which energy is transferred from
place to place without physical movement of
material from one location to another.
 Is not a physical object.
 Wave period
 Wavelength
 Amplitude
 Frequency
Dif fra ctio n a nd
Interference
 Diffraction
 Deflection or “bending” of a wave as it
passes a corner or moves through a narrow
gap
 Interference
 Is the ability of two or more waves to
reinforce or cancel each other
 Constructive
 Destructive
Ele ctroma gnetic
Wave s
 Magnetic Field
 Electromagnetism
Ele ctroma gnetic
Sp ectru m
 The Components of Visible Light
Th e Bla ckbody
Sp ectru m
 Intensity
 Specifies the amount or strength of radiation
at any point in space.
 Blackbody
 An object that absorbs all radiation falling on
it.
 Blackbody Curve – Planck curve
Th e Ra diatio n L aws

 Wien’s law
 The hotter the object, the bluer its radiation.
 Stefan’s law
 The energy emitted by a body rises
dramatically as its temperature increases.
Th e Do pple r Eff ect
 Christian Doppler
 19th Century [Austrian] Physicist
 Blueshifted
 Redshifted
SPE CTROS COP Y
 Spectroscope
 Spectrographs / Spectrometers
 Emission Lines
 Absorption Lines
 William Wollaston (1802)
 Joseph Fraunhofer
Kirchhoff ’s L aw

 Gustav Kirchhoff
 Observed relationships among the three
types of spectra – Continuous, Emission
Line, and Absorption Line
Sp ectro sc opic Ru le s
(Kir chhoff’s Laws)
1. A luminous solid or liquid, or a
sufficiently dense gas, emits light of all
wavelengths and so produces a
continuous spectrum of radiation.
1. A low-density hot gas emits light whose
spectrum consists of a series of bright
emission lines. These lines are
characteristic of the chemical
composition of the gas.
1. A cool thin gas absorbs certain
wavelengths from a continuous
spectrum, leaving dark absorption lines
in their place superimposed on the
continuous spectrum.
At omic St ructure

 Neils Bohr
 Bohr model
 Ground state – normal condition of the electron
 Maximum energy – ionized
 Energy states – orbitals
Th e Part ic le Nature o f
Ra diatio n
 Photon
 A “particle” of electromagnetic radiation.
 Albert Einstein (1905)
 As a general rule of thumb, in the
macroscopic realm of everyday experience,
radiation is more usefully defined as a wave,
whereas in the microscopic domain of atoms
it is best characterized as a series of
particles.
TEL ESCO PES

 Optical
 Reflectors and Refractor
 Radio (Interferometry)
 Infrared
 High-energy