3.

Knowledge-Based Systems

 Definition and structure

 Classifications
 Life cycle
 Developers team
 Knowledge analyst

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 1

3.1. Definition and structure

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 2

«Natural» automation

All management
solutions are based
not on data,
but on knowledge

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 3

Expert System (ES)
ES is the software which
replicates experts-specialists
knowledge for novices.
(A computer application that performs a task that would
otherwise be performed by a human expert)

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 4

 Crucial factors to develop real
«expert» system
■ Complexity (many parameters + many
relationship)
■ Impossibility to use mathematical models
■ «Noise in data»
■ Experts’ presence and availability
■ Availability of Professional Development Team

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 5

Main features of real ES
■ Specific domain orientation
■ Explaination of its recommendations or
decisions
■ Based on KNOWLEDGE (on KRL) not
data

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 6

 The typical problems
solved by ES

■ Data interpretation
■ Malfunction diagnostics
■ Structural analysis of complex objects
■ Choice of configuration of complex multi-
component systems
■ Planning of the consequences of operations that
lead to the definite goal

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 7

 The main differences of ES from
other applied programmes
■ ES model not the physics of the domain but the
way of problem solving by human expert or the
way thinking and knowledge processing in this
domain.
■ ES make all conclusions using Knowledge that is
put by expert and knowledge engineer.
■ Mathematics is not essential in ES, heuristics and
fuzzy methods are more substantial.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 8

The role of KE

To design an expert system, one needs

a knowledge engineer,
an individual who studies how human
experts make decisions
and translates the rules into terms that
a computer can understand.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 9

 Expert System Structure

Inference Engine

Knowledge Base
User Knowledge Intelligent Editor
Interface Base

Explanation
Subsystem

Knowledge
User Expert
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. Engineer 10
Main blocks of Expert System

Knowledge base consists of sentences which define

knowledge with the use of super-high-level languages
which are called knowledge representation languages.
It is the kernel of the expert system.
Inference engine is a program which simulates the
process of expert reasoning or decision making.
Explanation subsystem makes ES transparent, so
that user can always receive answer for questions:
HOW and WHY.
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 11
Test N13
(3 good & 3 bad domains)

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 12

3.2. Classification

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 13

 Expert Systems Classification
Expert Systems

By By relation to By Computer By integration

real time
Problem Type degree
Data
Interpretation
Static On supercomputer Stand-alone
Diagnostics
Quasi-dynamic On mainframes Hybrid
Monitoring (integrated)

Dynamic On symbolic
Forecast processors

Planning On workstations

Instruction On Personal
Computer
Design
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 14
 Taxonomy based on Problem type
■ Diagnostics: it is a process of searching the malfunction or errors in system processing.
■ Data Interpretation: it is the problem of finding the sense of the observed or measured
data.
■ Monitoring: It is interpreting the data in real time scale and comparing observations to
expectations.
■ Planning: Designing actions and definition of plans for a complicated situation with a
lots of constraints.
■ Forecast: it is making of prognosis, forecasting in a multi criteria, multi data
environment. They are usually Hybrid systems making use of mathematical knowledge.
■ Design: it's the process of elaborating the document set for the manufacturing of
different equipment or devices. It is basically Configuring Objects under constraints.
■ Instruction: it's a process of computer-aided teaching which is done with the help of
the Teacher and the student knowledge base.
■ Decision Support: It is the process of advising or supervising the process of
professional activities.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 15

Taxonomy by Autonomy and Real Time
Taxonomy by Autonomy
1. Stand Alone: Expert Systems
belonging to this category usually
work in independent mode.
2. Embedded: Such expert systems
work along with other
equipments and are usually a part
of the entire system. Such
systems have usually very
complicated environments.
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3.
Taxonomy by Real Time
■ Static: In such expert systems,
nothing changes at all
■ Dynamic: Data and knowledge
changes and the systems
operates in a real time scale.
■ Quasi-dynamic: Changes do
occur, but very slow compared
to the time of problem solving.
16
Test N14
(7 examples of expert systems)

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 17

 3.3. Life cycle and rapid prototyping methodology

Expert Systems 6 ES Support

Development Stages
5 ES Adapting

4 ES Evaluation

Update for
3
Commercial ES

ES Prototype
2 Development

Problem
1
Selection
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 18
 Expert System Life Cycle

Traditionally there are 4 main phases in the life

cycle of expert systems D. Commercial
System
C. Executing
Prototype
B. Research
Prototype
A. Demonstrative
Prototype

Duration 1-3 Years

The cost of development could vary from $25,000 to

$250,000. Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 19
Expert System Life Cycle

There are four main phases in the life cycle of expert systems

■ Demonstrative Prototype: It is a very small expert system which

solves only a part of the problem. It should prove that it is possible
to make an Expert System. Usually after the demonstration the
prototype is abandoned.
■ Research Prototype: This is an expert system which solves the
entire problem, but it is not truly tested.

■ Executing Prototype: It is a complete expert system but without

documentation. It only works with the author.

■ Commercial Expert System: The system is tested in full scope and

the proper documentation is done for the users and knowledge
engineers to could latter correct, update edit the knowledge base. It
is ready for commercial installation in the market. Actually only 5%
of the expert systems developed reach this stage.
The cost of development could vary from $25,000 to $250,000.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 20

 Rapid Prototyping of
Expert System
There are six stages in prototype development
namely

Implementation
Formalization
Identification

Structuring
Problem

Knowledge

Knowledge

Knowledge
Elicitation

Program

Testing
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 21
 Stages of Expert Systems Prototype
Development
E + KE 1. Problem identification
U
Problem
2. Knowledge Acquisition
E + KE
Knowledge
3. Structuring
KE
Knowledge Field
4. Formalzation
KE + PR KB at knowledge
representation
language
PR 5. Program implementation
ES prototype
KE + E program
6. Testing
U + PR
U - User KE - Knowledge PR - Programmer E - Expert
Engineer
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 22
1. Problem identification: on this stage the main task
involves
• Identification of a team consisting of Program manager,
Domain Experts, Knowledge Engineers, Programmers,
Users, Tester
• Planning the various stages of development.
• Problem definition / Sub-Problems definition

2. Knowledge Elicitation: It is the process in which

the knowledge is transferred from the domain
experts to the knowledge engineers.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 23

• Knowledge Structuring: the task in this stage is to
find the relationships between the concepts and
objects of the domain and to create the structure.

4. Knowledge Formalization: In this stage the

knowledge field is converted into the knowledge
model with the help of knowledge representation
languages. This stage is partly dependent on the
next stage.
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 24
 Expert system

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 25

5. Program Implementation: during this phase
the development of the software for the expert
system is undertaken. There are four ways of
doing the same.
Using traditional programming languages like
C, Delphi, etc.
Using Artificial intelligence languages like
PROLOG, LISP, Smalltalk etc
Using Expert System Toolkits. Examples
include G2, ART and KEE.
Using expert system shells.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 26

Software for Intelligent Systems Development

S o ftw a re

C o m m o n p r o g r a m m in g A I Languages S p e c i a l t o o ls
la n g u a g e s

T o o lk it s S h e l ls

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 27

Expert System Shells
Free/Cheap Commercial
■ FOCL ics.uci.edu ■ ACQUIRE
:/pub/machine-learning-programs/ ■ Angoss Knowledge
■ BABYLON Seeker
ftp.gmd.de:/gmd/ai-research/Software/Babylon/
■ First Class
■ Knowledge Craft
■ MIKE www.hcrl.open.ac.uk
MIKEv2.50: ■ Arity Expert
pub/software/pc/MIKEV25.ZIP Development Package

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 28

6. Testing: during this phase, the system is
debugged for errors in the working of the expert
systems, the user interface and the knowledge
base.

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 29

3.4. Developers Team

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 30

There are forms and rhythms that
are hidden from observer or
contemplator but opened to the
eye of an analyst.
R.Feinman

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 31

ES Development Team
■ Manager
■ Analysts group
■ Programmers group
■ Customer
■ User
■ Experts – company
specialists

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 32

Developers Team

Role Professional Psychological

Features Features
■Computer Literacy ■Modesty
User ■Knowing of terminology

■Experience ■Team spirit

Programmer ■AI Literacy

AI literacy ■Verbal communicative

Expert ■
skills
■Friendly open

Super-smart ■Super-communicative
Analyst ■

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 33

3.5. Knowledge Engineer

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 34

Who is Analyst?
■ Problem Originator
■ Knowledge engineer
■ Cognitive Engineer
■ Chief Information Officer (CIO)
■ Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
■ Knowledge Manager
■ Knowledge Broker

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 35

Communicative Analytical
ANALYST
skills abilities

ANALYST

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 36

Analysts’ Psychological Portrait

No defence
Sincerity
Accuracy Friendly
Empathy
Leader Optimist Interest to other
people

Analyst
Field
Humour
independent

Can
Disciplined
listen to

Sociable pedant
Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 37
 Gender differences
■ Do their thinking in more ■ Have more connections
focused regions of the and strong cross-
hemisphere links
brain
■ Better communicative
■ Better spatial orientation skills
■ Higher analyticity and ■ Hazard minimisation, fear
field-independence of novelty
■ Interest to the new ■ Better detailing
decisions search (hunting) ■ Mix up «right-left» (50%)
■ Worse speech perception

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 38

ANALYST ontology

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 39

Test N15
(Analytical profile)

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 40

Find regularity:
1
11
21
1211
111221
312211
?

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 41

What symbol will be the next?

Gavrilova T. Course on KE, part 3. 42