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Signal Processing
Dr Suprava Patnaik
Pending Topics
Poly-phase Filtering
23
rd
and 25
th
Tutorial (Assignment & class
performance evaluation- 25 marks)
Input-output relation
Block-diagram representation
] [n x
u
L x[n]
] [n x
u
'
t t
otherwise , 0
, 2 , , 0 ], / [
] [
L L n L n x
n x
u
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Input Sequence
Timeindexn
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Outputsequenceup-sampledby3
Timeindexn
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
X(n)=8 8 4 -5 -6
Y(n)=8 0 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 -5 0 0 -6 0 0, L=3
If T=original sampling rate, T
L
=T/L
f
sL
=Lf
s
( Folding frequency will increase by a factor L)
_
+
,
1
1
1
N
Z
z
,
Time Domain figure
Is inserting zero equivalent to inserting some other value
Up-Sampler
Up-Sampler
Frequency-Domain Characterization Frequency-Domain Characterization
even
] / [ ] [ ) (
n
n
n
n
n
u u
z n x z n x z X 2
'
t t
otherwise ,
, , , ], / [
] [
0
4 2 0 2 n n x
n x
u
2 2
[ ] ( )
m
m
x m z X z
Up-Sampler
Up-Sampler
In a similar manner, we can show that for a factor-of- factor-of-L L up- up-
sampler sampler
] [n x
u
Up-Sampling is responsible for spectrum compression and
presence of more than one image spectrum below folding
frequency.
Imaging( Removal requires
Interpolation/ anti-image filter)
4000 2500
3250
2
1
2 3250 0.2708
24000
cut off
c
f
2 1000 2 2500
( ) 5sin cos
8000 8000
n n
x n
_ _
+
, ,
Down-Sampler
Down-Sampler
Time-Domain Characterization
Time-Domain Characterization
Input-output relation
y[n] = x[nM]
Block-diagram representation
M x[n]
y[n]
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Input Sequence
Timeindexn
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Outputsequencedown-sampledby3
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Timeindexn
M
) ( ] [ nMT x n y
a
) ( ] [ nT x n x
a
Down-Sampler
Down-Sampler
Frequency-Domain Characterization
Frequency-Domain Characterization
n
n
z Mn x z Y ] [ ) (
] [ ] [ Mn x n y
Down-Sampler
Down-Sampler
Then
'
t t
otherwise ,
, , , ], [
] [
int
0
2 0 M M n n x
n x
] [
int
n x
n
n
n
n
z Mn x z Mn x z Y ] [ ] [ ) (
int
) ( ] [
/
int
/
int
M
k
M k
z X z k x
1
Down-Sampler
Down-Sampler
'
t t
otherwise ,
, , , ,
] [
0
2 0 1 M M n
n c
M j
M
e W
/ 2
1
0
1
[ ]
M
kn
M
k
c n W
M
Down-Sampler
Down-Sampler
,
_
] [
1
] [ ] [ ) (
1
0
int
( )
1 1
0 0
1 1
[ ]
M M
kn n k
M M
k n k
x n W z X zW
M M
_
,
1
0
1
[ ]
M
kn
M
k
c n W
M
( )
1
1
1/
int
0
1
( ) ( )
M
M k
M
D M
k
Y z X z X z W
M
stretching of to
Now
implying that the second term
in the previous equation is simply
obtained by shifting the first term
to the right by an amount 2 as
shown below
) ( ) (
2 / ) 2 ( 2 /
j j
e X e X
) (
2 /
j
e X
) (
2 / j
e X
Down-Sampler
Down-Sampler
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Input spectrum
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Output spectrum
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Output spectrum
Cascade Equivalences
Cascade Equivalences
A complex
multirate system
multirate system is formed
by an interconnection of the up-
sampler, the down-sampler, and the
components of an LTI digital filter
To implement a
fractional change (L/M)
fractional change (L/M)
in the
sampling rate
sampling rate we need to employ
a cascade of an up-sampler and a
down-sampler
,
_
M L
s
, min
Cascade Equivalences
Cascade Equivalences
Two other cascade equivalences are shown below
L
] [n x
] [
2
n y
) (
L
z H
L
] [n x
] [
2
n y
) (z H
M
] [n x
] [
1
n y
) (z H
M
] [n x ) (
M
z H
] [
1
n y
1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
k
M
Y z X z W H z
M
Linear Phase
1
0
N
m
m n x m h n v ] [ ] [ ] [
0
) (
n
K
n
n
z d z D
+
1
1 ) (
On Board