MUSIC

MODULES 12
 MUSIC
 MUSIC IS THE ART OF COMBINING
AND REGULATING SOUNDS OF
VARYING PITCH TO PRODUCE
MELODIUS HARMONY
 MUSIC IS HIGHLY A SUBJECTIVE
MATTER
 FUNCTIONS OF MUSIC
 A WAY OF EXPRESSING OUR
EMOTIONS
 SPEEDS UP THE HEALING PROCESS
 GOOD MUSIC RADIATES JOY
 FUNCTIONS OF MUSIC—
according to Herskovits
 Material culture—making a living
 Social institutions
 Enculturation/Acculturation
 More uses and functions
 Man and the Universe
 Aesthetics

 Language
 Properties of Music
 PITCH
 DURATION
 VOLUME
 TIMBRE OR TONE COLOR
 RANGE
 ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
 Rhythm
 Melody
 Harmony
 Dynamics
 Style
 Texture
 Tone Color or Timbre
 Form
Medium in Music (Vocal)
Female Female
 Soprano  Coloratura soprano
 Mezzo-soprano  Lyric
 Alto/contralto  Dramatic soprano
Male  Mezzo soprano
 Tenor  Contralto
 Baritone Male
 Bass  Tenor
 Lyric tenor
 Dramatic tenor
 Baritone
 Bass
 Medium in Music
(Instrumental)
 String instrument
 wind instrument
brass
woodwind
 percussion
 keyboard
String Instrument
String Instrument
String Instrument
String Instrument
String Instrument
String Instrument
Wind Instrument
Wind Instrument
Wind Instrument
Wind Instrument
Wind Instrument
Percussion Instrument
Percussion Instrument
Percussion Instrument
Percussion Instrument
Percussion Instrument
Percussion Instrument
Keyboard Instrument
Keyboard Instrument
Keyboard Instrument
Orchestra
Johann Sebastian
Bach(1685-1750)
 German organist and
composer of the baroque
era, one of the greatest
and most productive
geniuses in the history of
Western music.
 Bach was born on March
21, 1685, in Eisenach,
Thuringia, into a family
that over seven
generations produced at
least 53 prominent
musicians, from Veit Bach
to Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst
Bach. Johann Sebastian
received his first musical
instruction from his father,
Johann Ambrosius, a town
musician. When his father
died, he went to live and
study with his elder
 Ludwig van
Beethoven(1770-1827)
 German composer, generally
considered one of the greatest
composers in the Western
tradition. Born in Bonn, Beethoven
was reared in stimulating,
although unhappy, surroundings.
His early signs of musical talent
were subjected to the capricious
discipline of his father, a singer in
the court chapel. In 1789,
because of his father's alcoholism,
the young Beethoven became a
court musician in order to support
his family. His early compositions
under the tutelage of German
composer Christian Gottlob Neefe
—particularly the funeral cantata
on the death of Holy Roman
Emperor Joseph II in 1790—
signaled an important talent, and
it was planned that Beethoven
study in Vienna, Austria, with
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Although Mozart's death in 1791
prevented this, Beethoven went
to Vienna in 1792 and became a
pupil of Austrian composer Joseph
Frédéric Chopin (1810-
1849)
 Polish composer and pianist of the
romantic school, regarded by some as
the greatest of all composers of music
for the piano. Born Fryderyk Chopin in
Zelazowa Wola, near Warsaw, of a
French father and a Polish mother, he
preferred to use the French name
Frédéric. He began to study the piano
at the age of four, and when he was
eight years old he played at a private
concert in Warsaw. Later he studied
harmony and counterpoint at the
Warsaw Conservatory. Chopin was
also precocious as a composer: His
first published composition is dated
1817. He gave his first concerts as a
piano virtuoso in 1829 in Vienna,
where he lived for the next two years.
After 1831, except for brief absences,
Chopin lived in Paris, where he
became noted as a pianist, teacher,
and composer. He formed an intimate
relationship in 1837 with French writer
George Sand. In 1838 Chopin began to
suffer from tuberculosis and Sand
nursed him in Majorca, in the Balearic
Islands, and in France until continued
differences between the two resulted
in an estrangement in 1847.
Thereafter his musical activity was
George Frideric Handel
(1685-1759)
 One of the greatest composers of the
late baroque period (1700-1750) and,
during his lifetime, perhaps the most
internationally famous of all musicians.
 Handel was born February 24, 1685, in
Halle, Germany, to a family of no
musical distinction. His own musical
talent, however, manifested itself so
clearly that before his tenth birthday
he began to receive, from a local
organist, the only formal musical
instruction he would ever have.
Although his first job, beginning just
after his 17th birthday, was as church
organist in Halle, Handel's musical
predilections lay elsewhere. Thus, in
1703 he traveled to Hamburg, the
operatic center of Germany; here, in
1704, he composed his own first
opera, Almira, which achieved great
success the following year. Once
again, however, Handel soon felt the
urge to move on, and his inclinations
led him to Italy, the birthplace of
operatic style. He stopped first at
Florence in the autumn of 1706. In the
spring and summer of 1707 and 1708
he traveled to Rome, enjoying the
patronage of both the nobility and the
clergy, and in the late spring of 1707
Franz Joseph Haydn
(1732-1809)
 Austrian composer, recognized as a
dominant force in the development of
the musical style of the classical era
(circa 1750-circa 1820).
 Of humble origins, Haydn was born in
the village of Rohrau, near Vienna, on
March 31, 1732. When eight years old
he was accepted into the choir school
of Saint Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna,
where he received his only formal
education. Dismissed from the choir at
the age of 17, he spent the next
several years as a struggling free-
lance musician. He studied on his own
the standard textbooks on
counterpoint and took occasional
lessons from the noted Italian singing
master and composer Nicola Porpora.
In 1755 Haydn was engaged briefly by
Baron Karl Josef von Fürnberg, for
whom he apparently composed his
first string quartets. A more
substantial position followed in 1759,
when he was hired as music director
by Count Ferdinand Maximilian von
Morzin. Haydn's marriage in 1760 to
Maria Anna Keller proved to be
unhappy as well as childless.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1756-91)
 Austrian composer, a
centrally important
composer of the classical
era, and one of the most
inspired composers in
Western musical tradition.
 Born January 27, 1756, in
Salzburg, and baptized
Johannes Chrysostomus
Wolfgangus Theophilus
Mozart, he was educated
by his father, Leopold
Mozart, who was
concertmaster in the court
orchestra of the
archbishop of Salzburg and
a celebrated violinist,
composer, and author.
Johann Strauss (1825-99)
 Born in Vienna. He made his first
appearance conducting his own
orchestra at the age of 19. After
the death of the elder Strauss, he
united his group with the
orchestra his father had made
famous. His many tours through
Europe and a tour in the U.S. in
1876 featured his own dance
music, especially his waltzes.
Strauss composed such famous
waltzes as “The Blue Danube”
(1867), “Tales from the Vienna
Woods” (1868), “Roses from the
South” (1878), and “Voices of
Spring” (1881). Between 1871
and 1897 he composed 16
operettas for Viennese theaters,
of which the best known today are
Die Fledermaus (The Bat, 1874)
and Der Zigeunerbaron (The
Romani, or Gypsy, Baron, 1885).
His two brothers, Josef Strauss
(1827-70) and Eduard Strauss
(1835-1916), often substituted as
conductors of his orchestra and
also composed many dance
Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-
1893)
 Russian composer, the foremost of the
19th century.
 Tchaikovsky was born in Votkinsk, in
the western Ural area of the country.
He studied law in Saint Petersburg and
took music classes at the St.
Petersburg Conservatory. There his
teachers included Russian composer
and pianist Anton Rubinstein, from
whom Tchaikovsky subsequently took
advanced instruction in orchestration.
In 1866 composer-pianist Nicholas
Rubinstein, Anton's brother, obtained
for Tchaikovsky the post of teacher of
harmony at the Moscow Conservatory.
There the young composer met
dramatist Aleksandr Nikolayevich
Ostrovsky, who wrote the libretto for
Tchaikovsky's first opera, The
Voyevoda (1868). From this period
also date his operas Undine (1869)
and The Oprichnik (1872); the Piano
Concerto no. 1 in B-flat Minor (1875);
the symphonies no. 1 (called “Winter
Dreams,” 1868), no. 2 (1873;
subsequently revised and titled “Little
Russian”), and no. 3 (1875); and the
overture Romeo and Juliet (1870;
revised in 1870 and 1880). The B-flat
piano concerto was dedicated
originally to Nicholas Rubinstein, who
Richard Wagner (1813-
83)
 German composer and musical
theorist, one of the most influential
figures of 19th-century Europe.
 Born May 22, 1813, in Leipzig, Wagner
studied at the University of Leipzig.
Between 1833 and 1839 he worked at
provincial opera houses in Würzburg,
Magdeburg, Königsberg, and Riga.
During these years he wrote the
operas Die Feen (The Fairies, 1833)
and Das Liebesverbot (The Forbidden
Love, 1836) and several orchestral
works. In 1836, while at Königsberg,
Wagner married the actor Minna
Planer. At Riga he completed the
libretto and the first two acts of his
first important opera, Rienzi.
 In 1839 Wagner sailed to London.
During the tempestuous voyage across
the North Sea, he conceived the idea
for his second major opera, Der
fliegende Holländer (The Flying
Dutchman, completed in 1841). After
eight days in London, he traveled to
France, settling eventually in Paris,
where he became acquainted with the
music of Hector Berlioz. He remained
in Paris until April 1842, at times
reduced to the direst poverty. On
October 20, 1842, Rienzi was produced
at the Court Theater at Dresden,
 Kinds of Music
 Program
Imitative
Descriptive
Narrative
 Folk
 Art
 Jazz
 Classical
 Opera