CARBON NANOTUBES

Presented By Dr. Leena Rajopadhye PESs MCOE Pune

WORLD OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY
A Nano-Particle defines a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of transport and properties. Nanotechnology is in fact a recasting of straightforward materials science.

Nanotechnology, is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, dealing with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension.

CARBON NANO TUBES AND ITS ORIGINS

Carbon Nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. In the 1970s, a preparation of the planned carbon filaments was completed by Morinobu Endo.
In 1993 that Iijima and Donald Bethune found single walled nanotubes known as Buckytubes. which are completely hollow molecules that are crafted from pure carbon and are bonded together in a pattern of specific hexagon patterns.

TYPES OF NANOTUBES
SINGLE WALLED MULTI WALLED

NANO BUDS

PROPERTIES
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. Tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa). Nanotubes are very good thermal conductors , exhibiting a property known as Ballistic Conduction.

The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 C in vacuum and about 750 C in air.
Due to nanoscale dimensions, electrons propagate only along the tube's axis. Hence, carbon nanotubes are frequently referred to as One-Dimensional. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes with interconnected inner shells show Superconductivity with a relatively high transition temperature Tc = 12 K.

SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBE

Carbon Nanotubes were observed during ARC-DISCHARGE by using a current of 100 amps. Graphite block is Vaporized by high intensity Laser Pulse in the presence of Inert Gases. CNTs form on cooler surface.

CNTs are formed on METAL CATALYST (Ni, Fe, Co) in presence of Ammonia, Nitrogen, Hydrogen with Acetylene, Ethylene, Ethanol or Methane at 700 degree Celcius.

ARC DISCHARGE
First and simplest method to synthesize Carbon Nanotubes. Two pure graphite electrodes are connected to DC generator in atmosphere of helium. An inert gas is added to the chamber which does not react with carbon. Electric current is run thorough electrodes and therefore Carbon is deposited into cathode from anode and CNT are shaped in the middle . quite perfect about few micro meters long inner tube is 1-3 nm and outer tube in MWNT 10 nm in diameter. Drawback If both of the electrodes are made of graphite (mixture of CNTs along with fullerene, sheets of graphite, amorphous carbon) more work to separate CNTs from its

undesirable by-products.

4000 C which is an extremely high temperature . Electric arc method good for scientific study but not for industrial use .

LASER ABLATION
Laser is used to vaporize carbon from graphite ,a high temperature reactor at 1200 C inert gas is helium or argon The process of laser ablation is like arc discharge method but in a lower temperature.

If we use pure graphite electrodes we can obtain MWNTs ,but to have uniform SWNTs, a mixture of graphite with Co, Ni, Fe or Y

The yield of this process is low and contains carbon Nanotubes along with Carbon Nanoparticles which is not ideal for industrial applications.

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

Several gases such as CH4, CO and C2H2 heated which is coated by catalyst like Ni, Al2O3, and SiO2 Inert gas such as nitrogen and hydrogen. The energy source decomposes the molecule into active carbon atoms which then will be diffused on the substrate and CNTs begin to grow

The temperature required is 6501000oC.

it is possible to have control over the diameter and length of grown CNT. CVD process has mostly two main steps which first is preparing substrate by sputtering then to use thermal annealing to have catalyst nanoparticles on the substrate . Large scale production and high yield production Low cost Control of the quality and CNT Ability to manipulate No separation of unwanted by-products

PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Oxidation By oxidation we can partially purify CNTs from impurities ( time and temperature of exposure of the process are very important) . Acid treatment By acid treatment mostly metal catalysts are removed by the reaction with Nitric acid or Sulfuric acid or a mixture of both. Annealing In this method a very high temperature is applied (800-1800 C) in a vacuum atmosphere which form a perfect CNT very high temperature ,metal is melted and also can be removed from the reaction Magnetic Purification Ultrasonic while ferromagnetic catalyst will be removed from SWNT. Suspension is mixed with Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2) or Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and the bath is trapped among a magnet Micro filtration By this method while we have a mixture of materials along with carbon nanotubes by using a membrane.

APPLICATION IN ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICAL DEVICE

The joining of two carbon Nanotubes with different electrical properties to form a diode has been proposed.

CNT based Ultra-Capacitors have

high energy density, Capacitances up to 5000 Farads can be achieved.

CNT based Transistors work at room temperature and are capable of fast digital switching using a Single Electron.

APPLICATON OF CNT IN OTHER FIELDS

Worlds Smallest motor. The NANO MOTOR

CNT membranes support fluid flows at several magnitudes greater than proposed in Classical Fluid Dynamics.

CNT sponge can filter any toxic sludge from water . As CNT sponge is Hydrophobic, it absorbs everything but water.

Carbon Nanotubes applications

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 1D, Iijima in 1991 . Fantastic Mechanical properties stiffness &strength due to Sp2 bond Much stronger structure than diamond May replace steel in the future Construction purposes like using nanocomposites bridges and dams Light- Low mass Aerospace industry to build aircrafts and satellites. Thermal and Electrical conductivity Electrical devices as interconnects transistors , CMOS industry, Nanaowires

Nanotubes
Nano-test tubes
Inner diameter ~1.2 nm

Length ~ 2 micrometers

Volume of 10-21 liter a zeptoliter!!

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Nanotubes
Nanotubes are also light weight, have a high melting point, and can conduct electricity. What are some possible uses of nanotubes?

nano-wires
nano-test tubes nano-velcro

nano-ropes

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FUTURE APPLICATIONS
CNT based BUCKY PAPERS are 250 times stronger than steel and 10 times lighter. Shows promise as vehicle & personnel armor and next-generation electronics display. May be used in Nano-Radio, sound can be generated not by vibrations but by Thermoacoustics Principle. CNT can be used in SPACE-ELEVATOR as it shows very high tensile strengths.

Far Out Application?

A space elevator-a new transport into space?

Is it possible?

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Nanoropes
Nano-ropes
Strongest fiber known 100 times stronger than steel per gram.

What applications can you imagine for an unbelievably strong rope or cable made of such material?

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Far Out Application?

Some other things to think about: Environmental advantages Lightning hazards Collisions with space junk Radiation damage to the ribbon Is there a limit to how large it can be? How it is initially deployed?
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Nanotech
How do you think the field of nanotechnology may change your life for better or for worse over the next 50 years?
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Drawbacks
Few drawbacks: Difficulty of mass production for industrial purposes. Secondly is the solubility of CNTs in the water

Several ways to synthesize CNTs for industrial purposes overcome the solubility issue by functionalization

Different methods of CNT synthesis purification and then functionalization.

THANK YOU THE END