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DNA is found mainly in the nucleus. Very small amount is found in the
mitochodria.
RNA is formed in the nucleus and pass to the cytoplasm carrying the
informations about the structure of protein which will synthesized in
the ribosomes.
There are different types of RNA; the most famous of them are
messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA
(rRNA).
NOTES
Genes Enzymes Metabolism
Transcription Translation
DNA RNA Protein
Transcription is
the copying of DNA
sequence into RNA.
Translation is the
copying of RNA
sequence into
protein.
Triplet sequence in DNA is the genetic word called codon.
Humans, mice and indeed all mammals have roughly the same
number of nucleotides in their genomes (about 3 billion base
pairs).
CYTOGENETICS
Cell division
Cell division in prokaryotes
Prokaryotes such as bacteria use a relatively simple form of cell division
called binary fission.
1) G1 phase
◙ In this phase, the cell is doing its normal (everyday) job.
◙ ◙ At this time, chromosome (2n) are called unduplicated or
unreplicated chromosomes.
$ Usually, G1 is the longest period of the cell cycle.
$ However, in some embryonic cells that are rapidly divided, G1 might
only last a few minutes i.e. very short.
$ Some cells, like nerve cells never leave G1 and this is sometimes
called a G0 state (phase).
$ G1 prepares the cell to undergo the next stage (S phase).
2) S phase
◙ All chromosomes are duplicated where DNA is replicated.
◙ ◙ New proteins are synthesized to assemble with new DNA forming
new chromosomes.
The time necessary to complete S phase varies between different life
stages and between species.
During S phase, the entire cell's DNA is duplicated resulting in 4 copies
of each gene instead of the normal 2 in a diploid cell.
3) G2 phase
◙ Cell prepares itself for mitosis by synthesizing needed components.
◙ ◙ Some cells remain in interphase (G1 + S + G2) their whole life
because they do not divide e.g. nerve cells and adult muscle cells.
The result of cell cycle is the cell proliferation (division) while any
uncontrolled proliferation leads to cancer.
Notes:
☼ Cells spend most of their time in this intermediate non-mitotic state
(interphase).
☼ ☼ Interphase is not a part of mitosis but it is stage between two
successive mitotic divisions.
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