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Chemistry assignment: Gemstones

Amethyst
By: Click to edit Master subtitle style Kugendran Robert Gani Ahmad Ibrahim Muhammad Aqlan Carradine

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Greeks

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The word Amethyst is derived from the Greek word "amethystos" which means "remedy against drunkenness" which is reflected in the properties of this gem stone. From the earliest dawn of history the properties of amethysts Romans were seen as an antidote to drunkenness.

Goddess Diana to protect her from the attentions of the god Bacchus, converted her self into a precious gem, upon which Bacchus, in remembrance of his love, gave the stone its colour and the quality of preserving its wearers from the noxious influence of

Egyptians

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The Egyptians often used amethysts for Talismans, their soldiers wore them as Amulets for success in their exploits and calmness in danger. Protection against witchcraft, and gave its wearers success to their petitions, good luck and favour with those in authority.

Ancient churches

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Amethysts have always been associated with decorations, its known as "the Bishop's Stone," and rosaries consisting of Amethyst beads were much in request in ancient times to attract soothing influences in times of stress and to amid calm on their wearers. In religious art it was regarded as an emblem of resignation to earthly sufferings, patience in sorrow, and trust unto death.

Middle-ages

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Medieval people believed it indicated the presence of poison by becoming dim, also personal danger and ill-health by changing colour. if an amethyst was presented by a lady to her knight, or a bride to her husband in the shape of a heart set in silver, it was said the pair who would be blessed with good fortune for the remainder of their lives.

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uction Introd -

 Purple variety of quartz and is a popular

gemstone.

The name "amethyst" comes from the Greek

and means "not drunken.

A reference to the belief that the stone

protected its owner fromdrunkenness, theancient Greeksand Romanswore amethyst and madedrinkingvessels of it in the belief that it would preventintoxication. protection in battle

While medieval European soldiers wore

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 amethyst is popular for its colour and nice

crystal shapes that produce a purple, sparkling cluster.

However amethyst can differ from places. Experts can often identify the source mine

that a particular amethyst came from.

The key to this is the specimen's colour,

shape of crystal, inclusions, associations and character of formation.

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of iesstyle trsubtitle Click to edit n ou Master C in rig o

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 Minas

Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, Bahaia, Brazil-crystals form in druzy crusts that line the inside 4/28/12sometimes of

Vera Cruz,

Mexico-- very pale, clear, prismatic crystals that are sometimes double terminated and have grown on a light colored host rock. Crystals are typically phantomed, having a clear quartz interior and an amethyst exterior. Some are sceptered and phantomed.

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Maine, USA-- Dark

druzy clusters that are not widely distributed today.

North Carolina,

USA-- Druzy clusters that have a bluish-violet tint.

Pennsylvania,

USA-- druzy clusters that filled fractures in metamorphic rocks. 4/28/12 They are generally a

Other places where Amethyst can be found. Canada, Uruguay, Africa, Italy, Germany

and Russia

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ical hem gc orin eb Som acts f

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Mineral Chemical composition Colour Luster Transparency Crystal System Hardness Specific gravity Index of Refraction Birefringence Fracture
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Quartz SiO2 & Fe4+ Clear, Lilac, Mauve, Purple Vitreous Transparent to Translucent Hexagonal-R; 32 (TrigonalTrapezohedral) 7 2.65 1.54 -1.55 0.009 Conchoidal

Chemical composition
Silicon dioxide

also known as silica known for its hardness

Silica is most commonly found in nature as sand or quartz

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Chemical composition
Iron (Fe4+) The purple color is due to small amounts (approximately 40 parts per million) of iron impurities

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Luster
Vitreous

Vitreous minerals have the lustre of glass.

Commonly seen, occurs in transparent or translucent minerals with relatively low refractive indices

Waxy luster

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Crystal System
Hexagonal/Rhombohedral

Structure of crystal

The term "crystal system" is sometimes used to mean "lattice system" or "crystal family".

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Specific Gravity
2.65
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance(amethyst) to the density of a reference substance(water).
v

Amethyst has a specific gravity of 2.65, so it is 2.65 times as denser than water.
v

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Birefringence
0.009
v

Double refraction

The decomposition of a ray of light into two rays when it passes through certain materials, such as crystals.
v

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Fracture
Conchoidal
Fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is fractured.

Conchoidal fracture is a curved breakage.

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Uses and Value of Amethyst

Click to edit Master subtitle style 4/28/12

Power of the Stone

It is used as a dream stone and to help insomnia.

Protection Stone
Ancient Egyptians used the amethyst guard against guilty and fearful feelings
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Wisdom Stone

The amethyst is known as the Bishop's Stone and is still worn by Catholic Bishops. The amethyst symbolizes piety, humility, sincerity Healing properties of and spiritualAmethyst wisdom Amethyst is a gemstone often worn by healers, as it has the power to focus energy
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Value

How CLARITY affects the value of an amethyst How COLOUR affects the value of an amethyst How SIZE affects the value of an amethyst How CUT affects the value of an amethyst
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How TREATMENT and IMITATION

CLARITY

Very Poor Clarity:

Poor Clarity:

Ok Clarity:

Good Clarity:

Colour

Worst Color: 4/28/12

Typical Color:

Best Color:

Rare Color:

CUT

Poor Cut:

Mediocre Cut:

Perfect Cut:

Unusual Cut:

SIZE

Smal 4/28/12 l:

Mediu m:

Larg e:

Huge :

UNIQUENESS

Cu t:

TREATMENT AND IMITATION

Cut and Inclusions:

Inclusio ns:

Color Bands:

Amethyst is sometimes heat treated to intensify the color

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MEANING AND SYMBOLISM

The meaning and symbolism of amethyst is one of spiritual contentment. It helps to strengthen the connection and communication between the mind, body, spirit and other worlds. It is very beneficial as a stone of protection because it neutralizes negative energy. Amethyst gemstones alsoassist people tobecome more flexibleand adopt new ideas more easily.
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