Baseband M-ary PAM

Consider more of pulse amplitude modulation. It arises at some point in almost all systems Its performance and design is key to many systems.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Consider a transmitt ed signal of the form s (t ) = ak p (t kT ), where p (t ) is usually a Nyquist or root
k

Nyquist pulse shape. Consider here that symbols ak take on M > 2 values Eg. ak {3,1,+1,+3} T 1 is the signaling rate in symbols/sec (baud) Assume Gray coding of bits to symbols T = Tb log 2 M , where Tb = bit interval. Such M - ary symbols use less bandwidth, but more power than a binary signal for a given performance level. Illustrated in the following for M = 4.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Illustrates 4-level PAM using NRZ pulses. In practice these are then passed through a shaping filter to obtain Nyquist pulses.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL): Major Application of PAM Use normal twisted pair that historically has been used for POTS. Actually bandpass signals, but can consider as PAM since modulation is simple frequency translation. Used in local loop typically at distances of < 1.5 km to exchange. Because of band limited nature of telephone channel, ISI is a major problem and must be compensated. Operational Environment:

Are several different DSL modes.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Time Compression Multiplexing:

This is actually a form of TDM, often referred to as ping-pong TDM.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Echo Cancellation Mode

Allows simultaneous transmission in both directions Requires a hybrid transformer to do this because channel is 2-wire. Almost always also requires echo cancellation

Baseband M-ary PAM

Basic hybrid transformer:

Hybrids are found in all 2-4 wire transitions.

Baseband M-ary PAM

DSL achieves multiple Mbits/sec on telephone lines. Echo cancellation approach tends to yield better performance, although this may now be questioned with OFDM (more later). Channel Impairments: 1. ISI Occurs in all bandlimited channels

To a first order we can model by considerin g the channel transfe r function, | H ( f ) |2 = exp( f ), where = kl / l0 where k = constant, l0 = reference length. Causes significan t ISI at DSL symbol rates.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Arises due to capacitive coupling between adjacent twisted pairs in typical telephone cable. Two types are
1. 2. Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)

NEXT is major problem since usually much stronger than FEXT. Model as:

NEXT is signal with same power spectral density as the desired signal passing through filter H NEXT ( f ) = f 3 / 2

= constant.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Line Codes: Used to shape the transmitted spectrum. Want
Zero at d.c. since telephone lines are transformer coupled. Small at high frequency where there is higher attenuation and much worse cross talk.

Possible line codes include

a) b) c) d) Manchester codes Modified duobinary (discuss later) Bipolar 2B1Q (already seen) which is North American standard.

Baseband M-ary PAM

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL): Single twisted pair supports
1. 2. 3. Downstream up to 9 Mb/s depending on length of loop Upstream up ~ 1Mb/s again depending on loop length. POTS

Baseband M-ary PAM

Use FDM to accommodate Downstream will handle video on demand (main reason originally for asymmetry). Internet applications typically get
Downstream is DS1 ~ 1.544 Mb/s Upstream ~ 160 kb/s

On typical loops to get data rates at DS1 and higher rates requires sophisticated modulation techniques such as OFDM or very sophisticated schemes (equalizers) to compensate the ISI. Now will consider equalization schemes.