SEMESTER PROJECT Submitted by Syed faraz ahmed (ee-2008-093) Yousuf khan (ee-2008-75) Ahmed hussain (ee-2008-117) Mateen iftikhar(ee-2008-065)

Microwave radiation are the radiating wave movements in which microwave energy travels. The wavelengths can be from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter. Microwaves have a frequency range of 0.3 Ghz to 300 Ghz.

They are found between the radio waves and the infrared waves in the electromagnetic spect

Microwaves take a straight line path. They can pass through nonmetal materials such as plastic and glass, but get reflected off metal surfaces. What are microwaves? Microwaves are absorbed by materials that have a high water content and produce heat, some examples are food, fruits, vegetables etc. This is where the microwave kitchen appliances work, the microwave oven (in the picture) is used for heating up our food by microwaves.

A microwave oven consists: a high voltage transformer, an electron tube called magnetron , a wave guide fan and a oven chamber. The transformer passes electric energy to the magnetron and the magnetron converts this electric energy into microwave radiation. The microwaves are reflected in the oven chamber and are absorbed by the food

The microwave absorption, happens when the water molecules in the food begin to vibrate. This molecular movement produces heat and the resultant heat cooks the food. Foods that have higher concentrations of water molecules cook faster.

OUTLINES

WHAT IS MICROWAVE RADIATION?

HOW DOES MICROWAVE COOKING?

HOW MICROWAVE OVEN WORKING? WHAT TECHNICAL DESIGN OF MICROWAVE ?

Microwave radiation is part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of long-term in cm measured from 0.3 to 30 centimeter produces these rays in nature when passing electric

Microwave oven uses microwave radiation to heat food in the subject inside the oven

microwave radiation are radio waves with frequencies 2500 MHz and the radio waves at this frequency has an important property

The microwave oven cook food from the inside to outside Absorbs water and fat and sugar molecules, consisting of food, radio waves Temperature of food particles at the same time and at the same temperature because all the particles are raised at the same time is not transmitted to the heat conduction

The food particles that contain water, fats and sugars absorb microwave radiation through atoms and molecules of food and absorption of this radiation gives energy make the move significantly and collide and produce heat for heating cooking That the material, plastic and glass, ceramics and pottery does not absorb microwave radiation and is not affected, and this means that they will not rise the temperature, and the shiny metallic materials such as aluminum that reflects the rays is therefore prohibited for use within microwave ovens

Depends artistic design of the oven on overlapping combinations of electrical circuits and mechanical devices for the production and organization of the energy needed for heating and cooking,

Communication
Before the advent of fiberoptic transmission, most long distance telephone calls were carried via networks of microwave radio relay links run by carriers such as AT&T Long Lines. frequency division multiplex was used to send up to 5,400 telephone channels on each microwave radio channel, with as many as ten radio channels combined into one antenna for the hop to the next site, up to 70 km away. Microwave radio is used in broadcasting and telecommunication t ransmissions

Wireless Internet Access services have been used for almost a decade in many countries in the

Radar

Radar uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of remote objects Now radar is widely used for applications such as air traffic control, weather forecasting, navigation of ships, and speed limit enforcement.

Radio astronomy

Most radio astronomy uses microwaves. (Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies. ) Usually the naturally-occurring microwave radiation is observed, but active radar experiments have also been done with objects in the solar system, such as determining the distance to the Moon or mapping the invisible surface of Venusthrough cloud cover.

Navigation

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) including the American Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian GLONASS broadcast navigational signals in various bands between about 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz.

Power
A microwave oven passes (non-ionizing) microwave radiation (at a frequency near 2.45 GHz) through food, causing dielectric heating by absorption of energy in the water, fats, and sugar contained in the food. Microwave heating is used in industrial processes for drying and curing products. Microwaves can be used to transmit power over long distances

An antenna is a device that:

(or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.

Any conductor through which an RF current is flowing, can be an antenna. Any conductor that can intercept an RF field can be an antenna.

Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors ("elements"), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his pioneering experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. A good antenna works A bad antenna is a waste of time & money Antenna systems can be very inexpensive and simple They can also be very, very expensive

Directivity or Gain:
Is the ratio of the power radiated by an antenna in its direction of maximum radiation to the power radiated by a reference antenna in the same direction. Is measured in dBi (dB referenced to an isotropic antenna) or dBd (dB referenced to a half wavelength dipole) Feed point impedance ( also called input or drive impedance): Is the impedance measured at the input to the antenna. The real part of this impedance is the sum of the radiation and loss resistances The imaginary part of this impedance represents power temporarily stored by the antenna.

Bandwidth:
Is the range of frequencies over which one or more antenna parameters stay within a certain range.

Isotropic antenna or isotropic radiator is a hypothetical (not physically realizable) concept, used as a useful reference to describe real antennas. Isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions. Its radiation pattern is represented by a sphere whose center coincides with the location of the isotropic radiator.

Directional antenna Directional antenna is an antenna, which radiates (or receives) much more power in (or from) some directions than in (or from) others. Note: Usually, this term is applied to antennas whose directivity is much higher than that of a halfwavelength dipole.

An antenna, which has a non-directional pattern in a plane It is usually directional in other planes

Wire Antennas
Short Dipole Antenna Dipole Antenna Half-Wave Dipole Broadband Dipoles Monopole Antenna Folded Dipole Antenna Small Loop Antenna

Microstrip Antennas
Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antennas Planar Inverted-F Antennas (PIFA)

Corner ReflectorParabolic Reflector (Dish Antenna) Travelling Wave Antennas Helical AntennasYagi-Uda Antennas Spiral Antennas

Aperture Antennas Slot AntennaCavityBacked Slot Antenna Inverted-F Antenna Slotted Waveguide Antenna Horn Antenna