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African American Progress

1890s-1910s

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The Nadir of Black Life

The New South Southern efforts to modernize Advocates say strong, prosperous, industrial South Black labor essential

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Race?
Assumption blacks=inferior Informal segregation

By 1890, much harsher view of race relations developed

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Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

Anticipating Southern attempts to remove black vote, appealed to white women: I deem it a privilege to present the negro, not as a mere dependent asking for Northern sympathy or Southern compassion, but as a member of the body politic who has a claim upon the nation for justice, simple justice

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Vulnerability
Civil Rights Acts on back burner Defeat of Blair bill Republican abandonment Supreme Court
Hall v DeCuir United States v. Harris Civil Rights Cases

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Northerners
Increasingly supportive of negative stereotypes

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American Magazines
Atlanta Monthly
This lowly variety of man

Forum
Too much liberty, combined with natural race traits increased black crime

Corruption by independence and education

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Legal changes
Amendments to state constitutions
Poll tax, literacy test Grandfather clause

Number of registered voters

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Legalized informal segregation


Jim Crow laws Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

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Economic life
Dependence on whites Agricultural labor Skilled craftsmen Exclusion from industry

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Violence
Lynching and other violence increases
Harsh punishments for crimes to deter

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Black Response
Ida B Wells Black Separatism
Afro-American League Black Nationalism

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Working within white society for equality and justice


Citizens Equal Rights Association Boycotts Oklahoma Territory International Migration Society

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Improve HERE
W.E.B. DuBois
The problem of the Twentieth Century

Booker T Washington
Tuskegee Institute Economic self help and values lead to success Atlanta Compromise

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Souls of Black Folk


Du Bois
Equal civil rights, suffrage, higher education

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