WAN FATIHAH BINTI WAN HUSSIN

D20071029377

SITI SAFIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD KAMIL

D20071029395

MOHAMAD ARIF BIN NASARUDDIN

D20091035123

SUARDI BIN NANANG

D20091035131

Excretion of waste Maintaining of water-salt balance of blood Maintain blood pH

Occur in Nephron of kidney Three process

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

Filters out molecules which are much smaller than RBC & plasma proteins Diameter of efferent glomerular capillaries is narrower than afferent capillaries causes hydrostatic pressure Forces all content of blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowmans capsul (except plasma protein,WBC, RBC & platelets)

Refer to model prepared. Based on model :

Smaller diameter pipe : efferent capillary Bigger diameter pipe : afferent capillary Filter : Glomerulus Filter funnel : Bowmans capsule Plastic bottle : Tubule Mixture of water and coconut shred : Blood Coconuts milk : Glomerulus filtrate ( water and small molecules nutrient, glucose, amino acid, salt, urea) Remaining coconut : Plasma Protein and Blood cell

+ -

First, occurs at proximal convoluted tubule

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other entirely reabsorb here. Ions ( sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and potassium ) are partially reabsorbed.

Second, at Loop of Henly

DESCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE

Filtrate moves into Descending limb. The epitelium of the decending arm is permeable to water but not for salt and other solutes. Reabsorption of water from tubule via osmosis.

 At descending Loop of Henle, water moves by osmosis from the tubule into the blood can be analogy by downhill. Descending Loop of Henle only permeable to water molecules. The high water concentration at the tubule be a peak, and low water concentration of capillary be a kaki bukit. When people downhill, we does no need to expend energy for it to happen, same as osmosis.

TUBULE

CAPILLARY

Peak of Mountain : High concentration gradient of water in descending limb.

Lower region of mountain : low concentration of water in blood capillaries and interstitial fluid

ASCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE

The ascending arm is impermeable to water but no to salt. Medulla more osmotic compare to filtrate. Filtrate: High concentration of salts As the filtrate flows up acending arm, the Na+ and Cl- diffuse out from the thin segment of the ascending arm In the thick segment of the ascending arm, Na+ and Cl- are actively transported into the interstitial fluid of medulla.

Ascending limb

Segment of ascending limb

Interstitial fluid of Medulla and bllod capillaries

Thin

Thick

COLLECTING DUCT
As the filtrate move down the collecting duct, the tissue fluid in the medulla surrounding get more and more concentrate

Water leave collecting duct by osmosis

Urea moved by diffusion The filtrate left is called urine

Peak of Mountain : High concentration gradient of water and urea in collecting duct.

Lower region of mountain : low concentration of water and ureain blood capillaries and interstitial fluid

Occur in the distal tubule and collecting duct Loop of Henle create the conditions in the medulla allowing secretion to occur Involve the pumping out of the waste products from blood capillaries into the tubules Substances (nitrogenous products) such as uric acid, H+, ammonia, urea eliminated by secretion through active transport

Some drugs & toxic substances are secreted out by simple diffusion Certain substances are added to tubule Glomerulus filtrate that reaches collecting duct urine (96% water, 2.5% nitrogenous products & 1.5% salts & other trace element) Urine is channeled out of collecting duct into pelvis, then out of kidney into the bladder by ureter & finally excreted out of the body through urethra

Kitchen is our blood capillaries

We throw away waste products from the kitchen to the dustbin outside secretion process

The waste products transported and disposed