Fisiologia Humana II: Sistema Digestrio CFS7102

Profa. Dra. Cristina Maria Henrique Pinto

Professora Associada II do Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas Centro de Cincias Biolgicas Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Odontologia 3 fase

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Fisiologia Humana II: Sistema Digestrio

Sistemas reguladores das funes do TGI

PRINCPIOS DE TRANSMISSO DE SINAIS NO TGI

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor225964

PRINCPIOS DE TRANSMISSO DE SINAIS NO TGI

Neurcrino
Reviso das estruturas do TGI

O Sistema Nervoso Entrico

Tipos de neurnios:

sensoriais, interneurnios e motoneurnios

Tipos de neurotransmissores: Ach e NANCs

O Sistema Nervoso Parassimptico O Sistema Nervoso Simptico

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor225964

O tubo digestrio, suas principais estruturas e o Sistema Nervoso Entrico

O tubo digestrio, suas principais estruturas e o Sitema Nervoso Entrico

Digestive System (Vander, Sherman & Luciano, Human Physiology, Cap. 17, 2002, McGraw Hill

Os sistemas de regulao das funes do TGI O SISTEMA NERVOSO ENTRICO

Intrinsic innervation - innervation at the level of the gut wall (intramural - the actual Enteric Nervous System). 2 layers - myenteric (Auerbach placed between the 2 layers of muscle, longitudinal and circular) and submucosal (Meissner - placed under the circular muscle layer, between it and the submucosa) and each form a nervous plexus, containing as much as 10-100 million neurons (as much as in the spinal cord). Functions: myenteric - is mainly motor, whereas the submucosal plexus has additional involvement in controlling secretion and sensory input. - Each plexus contains 3 major types of neurons: sensory, inter-neurons, and motor neurons. (continua no slide 34)

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

O SISTEMA NERVOSO ENTRICO

Veja mais sobre este assunto atravs de animaes online em:

http://www.interactivephysiology.com/login/digestdemo/systems/buildframes.html?digestive/contdig/01

O SISTEMA NERVOSO ENTRICO

Major neural plexuses of the small intestine. (A, Seen in whole mounts; B, seen in transverse section next) The two ganglionated plexuses are the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Fibers originating in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses form the nonganglionated plexuses: the tertiary plexus (which innervates the longitudinal layer of muscularis externa), the deep muscular plexus (which supplies the inner dense circular muscle), and the mucosal plexus. Neurons and neuronal processes are shown in color. (Redrawn from Furness JB, Costal M: Neuroscience 5:1, 1980.) Berne et al., 2004

O SISTEMA NERVOSO ENTRICO

Fig. 31-4B Major neural plexuses of the small intestine. (A, Seen in whole mounts; B, seen in transverse section.) The two ganglionated plexuses are the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Fibers originating in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses form the nonganglionated plexuses: the tertiary plexus (which innervates the longitudinal layer of muscularis externa), the deep muscular plexus (which supplies the inner dense circular muscle), and the mucosal plexus. Neurons and neuronal processes are shown in color. (Redrawn from Furness JB, Costal M: Neuroscience 5:1, 1980.)

Berne et al., 2004

Tipos de neurnios do sistema nervoso entrico neurnios sensoriais, interneurnios e neurnios motores

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL

REGULAO DAS FUNES DO TGI

neurnios sensoriais

interneurnios circuitos integradores

neurnios motores epitlio mucoso inibidores clulas secretoras

(endcrinas e excrinas)

quimioceptores mecanoceptores termoceptores

excitadores programas motores

msculos lisos
vasos sangneos Sistemas efetores

SISTEMA NERVOSO ENTRICO

substncia endcrina ou parcrina

substncias presentes na luz da vscera

Estmulos no lmen eliciam reflexos vago-vagais (ala longa) e locais (ala curta) os quais ativam programas motores especficos do SNE.

modificado de: http://library.med.utah.edu/physio/gi_lectures/index.html

Exemplos de neurnios do sistema nervoso entrico As informaes sensoriais neurnios sensoriais e interneurnios
surgem de uma variedade de QUIMIORRECEPTORES (p. ex., sensveis ao pH, a aminocidos, a gordura, etc.) e MECANORRECEPTORES (p. ex., sensveis ao estiramento) cujas terminaes esto localizadas em ambas as camadas mucosa e musculares. A ALA CURTA descreve o circuito de informao sensorial que est confinado parede do TGI, isto , informaes sensoriais percebidas pelos nn. sensitivos so enviadas, via interneurnios, aos nn. motores existentes em ambos os plexos. A ALA LONGA descreve o circuito da informao aferente, atravs de fibras sensoriais parassimpticas e/ou simpticas, ao SNC e desencadeando respostas que envolvem o S. N. Autnomo.
http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

Tipos de neurnios do sistema nervoso entrico neurnios MOTORES excitadores e inibidores musculares

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

Exemplos de neurnios do sistema nervoso entrico neurnios secretomotores: estimulam ou inibem as secrees e v. sang.

2. SECRETORY REFLEX - the same principle, with the main difference that the output (motor) pathways target the secretory cells of the gut, or the blood vessels. http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

Reflexos do sistema nervoso entrico

3. LONG-RANGE REFLEXES - altogether different types of reflexes which involve co-ordinated response of one region of the gut wall following activation in other parts of the GIT. 1. Gastro-enteric reflex - distension of stomach increase the excitability (motor and secretory) of the small intestine. 2. Gastro-ileal reflex - distension of stomach intesifies the activity of the terminal ileum and opens the ileo-cecal sphincter 3. Gastro- and duodeno-colic reflexes (with participation of extrinsic innervation and also hormonal (gastrin)`). Distension of stomach or duodenum initiate 'mass movements' of the colon. 4. Ileo-gastric reflex - distension of an ileal segment inhibits gastric motility. 5. Intestino-intestinal reflex - cessation of intestinal motility upon excessive distention (adynamic ileus), or rough handling (surgery) or peritonitis (severe irritation)

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor225964

ALGUNS NEUROTRANSMISSORES CONHECIDOS DO TGI

Importncia do conhecimento da existncia de diversos neurotransmissores: muitas patologias esto associadas a alteraes desses diferentes neurnios)

Enteric nervous system and developmental abnormalities in childhood Thambipillai Sri Paran Udo Rolle Prem Puri Paran et al., 2006

Gnglio do Sistema Nervoso Entrico com neurnios marcados por diferentes tcnicas imuno-histoqumicas.

PGP 9.5 immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibres (red) and neuronal nuclei (green) in the myenteric plexus.
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~ksharkey/what.html

Gnglio do Sistema Nervoso Entrico com neurnios marcados por diferentes tcnicas imuno-histoqumicas.

http://www.med-associates.com/gimm/gimmDrugScreen.htm

PRINCPIOS DE TRANSMISSO DE SINAIS NO TGI

Neurcrino
Reviso das estruturas do TGI

O Sistema Nervoso Entrico

Tipos de neurnios:

sensoriais, interneurnios e motoneurnios

Tipos de neurotransmissores: Ach e NANCs

O Sistema Nervoso Parassimptico O Sistema Nervoso Simptico

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor225964

Modulao das atividades do Sistema Digestrio:

PS e SP
Major features of the autonomic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract. In most cases the autonomic nerves influence the functions of the gastrointestinal tract by modulating the activities of neurons of the enteric nervous system. Berne et al., 2004

Modulao das atividades do Sistema Digestrio:

PARASSIMPTICO

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Nervous%20System.htm

Modulao das atividades do Sistema Digestrio pelos Sistema Nervoso Parassimptico e Simptico

Veja mais sobre este assunto atravs de animaes online em:

http://www.interactivephysiology.com/login/digestdemo/systems/buildframes.html?digestive/contdig/01

INERVAO PARASSIMPTICA DO TGI

SOURCES - medulla (vagus nerve)

- sacral spinal cord

IMPORTANT: All fibers are preganglionic - the PS ganglia are in the wall
http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

Percepo visceral: exemplo de regulao de funes extra-gastrointestinais estimulao da saciedade pelas aferncias vagais e CCK
Gastrointestinal signals regulate food intake. The majority of signals from the GI tract regulate the size of individual meals. Mechanoreceptors quantitating stretch of the stomach, and chemoreceptors activated by nutrients in the GI tract, transmit information via vagal and sympathetic afferents to the hindbrain nuclei. This information is then transmitted to the hypothalamus and other forebrain structures for integration with additional signals regulating food intake. Vagal afferents from the liver signal the presence of specific nutrients. Glucose and ketones act as signals to the CNS directly on responsive neurons in the hypothalamus. Gastrointestinal hormones such as CCK bind receptors in the liver to activate vagal afferents, or access the CNS via the circulation. Other hormones such as GLP-1 inhibit feeding by slowing gastric emptying. http://endotext.org/obesity/obesity3 /obesityframe3.htm

SACIEDADE

aferncia vagal em resposta estimulao de: -quimioceptores -mecanoceptores (distenso gstrica)

aferncia vagal em resposta estimulao pela CCK no ID (efeito parcrino)

Modulao das atividades do Sistema Digestrio:

SIMPTICO

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Nervous%20System.htm

INERVAO SIMPTICA DO TGI

INERVAO SIMPTICA DO TGI
SOURCES
- origin - NOTE: the difference between the 'preganglionic' fibers and the 'post-ganglionic' fibers - interface with the ENS -

- thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (intermediolateral) horn

IMPORTANT:

Preganglionic fibers stop in the prevertebral ganglia, from where the postganglionic fibers start towards the gut wall

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor219993

PRINCPIOS DE TRANSMISSO DE SINAIS NO TGI

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor225964

EXEMPLO DE ESTIMULAO (MECNICA E/OU QUMICA) DO SISTEMA NERVOSO ENTRICO PELA PRESENA DE ALIMENTO NA LUZ DO INTESTINO DELGADO.

The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain, GERSHON, M. D. - Columbia University, 1999;

Substance P immunoreactivity in the mucosa: nerve fibres and enteroendocrine cells

http://www.ucalgary.ca/~ksharkey/what.html

PRINCPIOS DE TRANSMISSO DE SINAIS NO TGI

http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/research/toescu/Teaching/GIT/OutlineDetailsMeds.htm#anchor225964

GIP: peptdeo insulinotrpico glicose-dependente ou peptdeo inibidor gstrico

Modificado de Johnson, 2001/ Cristina, 1998

ALGUMAS CARACTERSTICAS DOS PRINCIPAIS HORMNIOS PEPTDEOS GASTROINTESTINAIS

Nome ao(es) fisiolgica(s)
meiavida

GASTRINA GHRELINA
(antro gstrico e ID)

secreo cida estimula a secreo de GH estimula a ingesto de alimento

3 min.

SECRETINA
Colecistoquinina
(CCK-PZ)

secreo de HCO3- pancretico (ductos)

contrao da vescula biliar, secreo de enzimas pancreticas (cinos) inibe a ingesto de alimento estimula a secreo de insulina

3 min.

5 min.

GIP
(Peptdeo insulinotrpico glicose-dependente)

21 min.

extrado de: http://human.physiol.arizona.edu/SCHED/GI/GISched.html

Clulas enteroendcrinas, secretoras de Gastrina (cls. G)

EM of an enteroendocrine cell with lots of secretory granules between the nucleus and basement membrane. Also there are numerous microvilli on the apical surface of the cell. Junqueira e Carneiro

Digestive System: Alimentary Canal pyloric stomach, glands, base http://www.bu.edu/histology/m/t_diges2.htm Boston University - Medical Histology

DISTRIBUIO DOS PEPTDEOS GASTROINTESTINAIS NO TGI PEPTDEOS ENDCRINOS E PEPTDEOS PARCRINOS

The thickness of each bar is roughly proportionate to the concentration of the peptide in the mucosa. Preproglucagon is processed primarily to glucagon in A cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract and to glicentin, GLP-1, GLP-2, and other derivatives in L cells in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Ganong, 2005

Fisiologia Humana II: Sistema Digestrio

Veja mais na pgina dedicada disciplina CFS7102
Profa. Dra. Cristina Maria Henrique Pinto
Professora Associada II do Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas Centro de Cincias Biolgicas Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Odontologia 3 fase