Physical Properties of Solutions

Chapter 12

Solution Stoichiometry
end of Chapter 4
Problems: 12.12, 12.15, 12.16, 12.17, 12.18, 12.21, 12.22, 12.28, 12.36, 12.38, 12.51, 12.54, 12.55, 12.57, 12.60, 12.65, 12.76, 12.77, 12.112 4.12, 4.60, 4.70, 4.72, 4.74, 4.77, 4.88

A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s) The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

12.1

An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte

weak electrolyte

strong electrolyte
4.1

A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature. A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

12.1

Three types of interactions in the solution process: solvent-solvent interaction solute-solute interaction solvent-solute interaction

DHsoln = DH1 + DH2 + DH3

12.2

like dissolves like

Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other. non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents CCl4 in C6H6 polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents C2H5OH in H2O ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)
12.2

Concentration Units
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

Percent by Mass
mass of solute x 100% % by mass = mass of solute + mass of solvent mass of solute x 100% = mass of solution

Mole Fraction (X)

moles of A XA = sum of moles of all components
12.3

Concentration Units Continued

Molarity (M) moles of solute liters of solution

M =

Molality (m)
m = moles of solute

mass of solvent (kg)

12.3

What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH) solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
moles of solute moles of solute M =

m = mass of solvent (kg)

liters of solution

Assume 1 L of solution: 5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol 927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL) mass of solvent = mass of solution mass of solute = 927 g 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg

moles of solute
m = mass of solvent (kg)

5.86 moles C2H5OH

= 8.92 m

0.657 kg solvent
12.3

Convert % mass to Molarity

What is the Molarity of a 95% acetic acid solution? (density = 1.049 g/mL)
If you assume 1 L, that amount of solution = 1049 g 95% of the solution is acetic acid 1049 g solution x 0.95 = 997 g solute 997 g X 1 mol/60.05 g = 16.6 mol solute

Since we assumed 1 L, thats 16.6 mol / 1 L or

16.6 M

Temperature and Solubility

Solid solubility and temperature

solubility decreases with solubility increases with increasing temperature

12.4

Fractional crystallization is the separation of a mixture of substances into pure components on the basis of their differing solubilities.
Suppose you have 90 g KNO3 contaminated with 10 g NaCl. Fractional crystallization: 1. Dissolve sample in 100 mL of water at 600C 2. Cool solution to 00C 3. All NaCl will stay in solution (s = 34.2g/100g) 4. 78 g of PURE KNO3 will precipitate (s = 12 g/100g). 90 g 12 g = 78 g 12.4

Temperature and Solubility

Gas solubility and temperature

solubility usually decreases with increasing temperature

12.4

Pressure and Solubility of Gases

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution (Henrys law).
c is the concentration (M) of the dissolved gas

c = kP

P is the pressure of the gas over the solution

k is a constant (mol/Latm) that depends only on temperature

low P low c

high P high c

12.5

Chemistry In Action: The Killer Lake

8/21/86 CO2 Cloud Released 1700 Casualties

Trigger?

earthquake
landslide strong Winds Lake Nyos, West Africa

Solution Stoichiometry (Chapter 4)

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution. M = molarity = moles of solute liters of solution

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a 2.80 M KI solution?

M KI

volume KI
500. mL x 1L 1000 mL x

moles KI
2.80 mol KI 1 L soln

M KI

grams KI
= 232 g KI 4.5

166 g KI 1 mol KI

4.5

Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute before dilution (i)

=
=

Moles of solute after dilution (f)

MiVi

MfVf
4.5

How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.2 M HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3? MiVi = MfVf Mi = 4.00 Vi = MfVf Mf = 0.200 Vf = 0.06 L Vi = ? L

Mi

0.200 x 0.06 = = 0.003 L = 3 mL 4.00

3 mL of acid + 57 mL of water = 60 mL of solution

4.5

Gravimetric Analysis
1. Dissolve unknown substance in water 2. React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate 3. Filter and dry precipitate 4. Weigh precipitate 5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine amount of unknown ion

4.6

Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. Equivalence point the point at which the reaction is complete Indicator substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point Slowly add base to unknown acid UNTIL the indicator changes color
4.7

What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is Required to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution? WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

H2SO4 + 2NaOH
M rx

2H2O + Na2SO4
M base

volume acid

acid

moles acid

coef.

moles base

volume base

25.00 mL x

4.50 mol H2SO4 1000 mL soln

2 mol NaOH 1 mol H2SO4

1000 ml soln 1.420 mol NaOH

= 158 mL

4.7

Chemistry in Action: Metals from the Sea

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + H2O (l) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq)

Mg2+ + 2e2ClMgCl2 (l)

Mg
Cl2 + 2eMg (l) + Cl2 (g)

Now back to Chapter 12

Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.

Vapor-Pressure Lowering P1 = X1 P
0 1 0 P 1 = vapor pressure of pure solvent

Raoults law

X1 = mole fraction of the solvent

If the solution contains only one solute: X1 = 1 X2

0 0 P 1 - P1 = DP = X2 P 1

X2 = mole fraction of the solute

12.6

Fractional Distillation Apparatus

12.6

Boiling-Point Elevation
0 DTb = Tb T b
0 T b is the boiling point of the pure solvent T b is the boiling point of the solution

0 Tb > T b

DTb > 0

DTb = Kb m
m is the molality of the solution Kb is the molal boiling-point elevation constant (0C/m)
12.6

Freezing-Point Depression DTf = T 0 Tf f

T
0
f

Tf

is the freezing point of the pure solvent is the freezing point of the solution

T 0 > Tf f

DTf > 0
DTf = Kf m

m is the molality of the solution Kf is the molal freezing-point depression constant (0C/m)
12.6

12.6

What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.

DTf = Kf m
moles of solute

Kf water = 1.86 0C/m

478 g x = 3.202 kg solvent 1 mol 62.01 g = 2.41 m

m = mass of solvent (kg)

DTf = Kf m = 1.86 0C/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 0C

DTf = T 0 Tf f
Tf = T 0 DTf = 0.00 0C 4.48 0C = -4.48 0C f
12.6

Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.

Vapor-Pressure Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing-Point Depression Osmotic Pressure (p)

0 P1 = X1 P 1

DTb = Kb m DTf = Kf m

p = MRT

12.6

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

0.1 m NaCl solution

0.1 m Na+ ions & 0.1 m Cl- ions

Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles. 0.1 m NaCl solution vant Hoff factor (i) = 0.2 m ions in solution
actual number of particles in soln after dissociation

number of formula units initially dissolved in soln

i should be nonelectrolytes NaCl CaCl2

1 2 3

12.7

Change in Freezing Point

Which would you use for the streets of Bloomington to lower the freezing point of ice and why? Would the temperature make any difference in your decision? a) b) sand, SiO2 Rock salt, NaCl

c)

Ice Melt, CaCl2

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing-Point Depression Osmotic Pressure (p) DTb = i Kb m DTf = i Kf m

p = iMRT

12.7

Change in Freezing Point

Common Applications of Freezing Point Depression

Propylene glycol

Ethylene glycol deadly to small animals

Change in Boiling Point

Common Applications of Boiling Point Elevation

Freezing Point Depression

At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl freeze?

Solution
TFP = Kf m i TFP = (1.86 oC/molal) 5.4 m 2 TFP = 20.1 oC FP = 0 20.1 = -20.1 oC

The Cleansing Action of Soap

12.8

Osmotic Pressure (p)

Osmosis is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one. A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules. Osmotic pressure (p) is the pressure required to stop osmosis.

dilute

more concentrated

12.6

Osmotic Pressure (p)

High P

Low P

p = MRT
M is the molarity of the solution R is the gas constant T is the temperature (in K)
12.6

A cell in an:

isotonic solution

hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution

12.6

Chemistry In Action: Desalination

A colloid is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance. Colloid versus solution

collodial particles are much larger than solute molecules

collodial suspension is not as homogeneous as a solution

12.8

Colloids
Brownian motion Tyndall Effect

Suspensions
These are mixed, but not dissolved in each other Will settle over time Particles are bigger than 1 micrometer (larger than colloid) Examples: dust in air, muddy water