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SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

An introduction to Energy System Solar Energy Electricity from Solar Energy Solar Radiation Geometry Solar Energy Collectors Applications of Solar Energy Solar system Development Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion

Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by human beings and nature. Most people use the word energy for input to their bodies or to the machines and thus think about crude fuels and electric power. The energy sources available can be divided into three types. 1. Primary Energy Source: Sources which provide a net supply of energy. Ex: coal,oil,uranium etc. 2.Secondary fuels : Produce no net energy (These may not yield net energy). Intensive agricultural is an example wherein terms of energy the yield is less the input. Ex: solar energy, wind energy, water energy etc. 3.Supplementary sources : Defined as these whose net energy yield is zero. Ex: this requiring highest investment in terms of energy Instruction (thermal) is an example for this source.

Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy and is only a small amount of this from of energy could be used, if will be one of the most important supplies of energy specially when ather sources in the country have detected. The solar power where sun hits atmosphere is 107 watts, whereas the solar power on earths surface is 106 watts. The total world wide power demand of all needs of civilization is 103 watts. The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

The sun gives us 1000 times more power than we need. If we can use 5% of this energy it will be 50 times what the world will require.

The energy radiated by the sun on a bright sunny day is approximately 1 kw/m2 .

Electricity can be produced from the solar energy by photo voltaic solar cells which converts the solar energy directly to electricity. Photovoltaic Solar Cells Generate electricity directly from sunlight 2 Main types:

Single-crystal silicon (traditional) Widespread Expensive to manufacture


Dye-sensitized (nano) Newer, less proven Inexpensive to manufacture Flexible

The most significant applications of photo voltaic cell in india are the energisation of pump sets for irrigation, drinking water supply & rural electrification converting street lights, community tv sets, medical refrigerators & other small power loads.

SOLAR RADIATION GEOMETRY :


In solar radiation analysis, the following angles are useful. l = latitude of location 2 = zenith angle = slope = declination = hour angle s = solar azimuth angle = altitude angle

SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS :

A solar collector is a device for collecting solar radiation and transfer the energy to a fluid in contact with it. Utilization of solar energy requires solar callectors. These are general of two types. Non concentrating or flat plate type solar collector. Concentrating(focusing) type solar collector.

Flat plate collector :


In flat plate type , collector area is the same as the collector area.

Where temperature below about 900c are adequate as they are for space & service water heating flat plate collector , which are of the non concentrating type, are particular convenient.
They are made in rectangular panels, from about 1-7 to 2-9 sqm in area , & are relatively simple to construct & erect. Flat plates can collect & absorb both direct & diffuse solar radiation. Flat plate can collect & absorb both direct & diffuse solar radiation. Flat plate collectors may be divided into two main classifications based on the type of heat transfer fluid used.

Focusing type collectors :


They are Parabolic trough coplplpectopr Mirropr strip reflector Fresnel lens collector Flat plate collector with adjustable mirrors Compound parabolic concentrator(c.p.c).

APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY :


Heating and cooling of residential building Solar water heating Space heating Space cooling Solar energy : thermal electric conversion Solar energy: photovoltaic electric conversion Solar distillation Solar pumping Agriculture & industrial process heat Solar fence Solar production of dydrogen , and Solar green houses Solar cooling.

Solar System Development :

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth. Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the planets fossil fuels, both used and unused! Disadvantages Sun does not shine consistently. Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity. Addressed by approaching the problem through: 1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.

Conclusion

Argument that sun provides power only during the day is countered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is during daytime hours. At night, traditional methods can be used to generate the electricity. Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels. Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by coal-burning and nuclear power plants. Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and other impacts of burning coal and counters risks associated with nuclear energy. pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.

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