ECOSYSTEM LEVEL Eucalyptus forest COMMUNITY LEVEL All organisms in eucalyptus forest POPULATION LEVEL Group of flying foxes

ORGANISM LEVEL Flying fox Brain ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL Nervous system ORGAN LEVEL Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve

TISSUE LEVEL Nervous tissue CELLULAR LEVEL Nerve cell

MOLECULAR LEVEL Molecule of DNA

Figure 1.1

Chemistry for Biologists

We will define the following: Element Atom Proton Neutron Electron Isotope

Chemistry for Biologists

An element is a substance made up of atoms with the same number of protons. Elements are the simplest substances known. They can be metals (e.g. iron, copper, sodium magnesium) or non-metals (e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen). There are just over 100 of them.

The Elements

CHNOPS

 Atoms are the building blocks of all matter. They consist of three sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Chemistry for Biologists

Electrons are outside the nucleus, and determine properties of the atom. Chemical reactions involve sharing or exchanging electrons. Electrons move about the nucleus in atomic orbitals

ISOTOPES

Chemistry for Biologists

A molecule is two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond. Molecules can contain different types of bonds. What are these?

Formation of sodium chloride

Na, 2,8,1

One electron is transferred from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom

Na+, 2,8

forming a sodium ion and a chloride ion

Cl, 2,8,7

Cl-, 2,8,8

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Ionic Bonding

Formation of Sodium Chloride

Formation of Calcium Chloride

Covalent bonding in methane, CH4 Carbon atom has 4 electrons available for bonding Each hydrogen atom has one electron available for bonding A carbon atom shares one of its H electrons with a hydrogen atom to make a covalent bond In the same way, three other H carbon-hydrogen covalent C bonds are formed For simplicity we usually replace the two dots H representing the electrons by a single straight line Represents two electrons being shared between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom to form a single
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CHEMICAL FORMULA
A REPRESENTATION OF A MOLECULE WHICH SHOWS THE NUMBER AND KINDS OF ATOMS IN THE MOLECULE. H2O CO2 C6H12O6 NaCl CaCl2 HCl NaOH

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Synthesismanufacture of molecules (uses energy) A + B AB

Decompositionbreaking down molecules (releases energy)

AB A + B

Rearrangement or Exchange
AB + CD AD + BC

CHEMICAL EQUATION
A chemical equation is a shorthand notation for a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products for that reaction.
Reactantswhat goes into the reaction (raw materials) Productswhat comes out of the reaction

Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

WATER IS A REALLY WEIRD MOLECULE WITH REALLY WEIRD PROPERTIES

A Closer Look at Water

ACID
An acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water solution.
HCl H+ + Cl-

BASE
A base is a substance which produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water solution. NaOH Na+ + OH-

SALT
A salt is a substance formed when and acid and a base unite.

NaOH + HCl

NaCl + H2O