LALit kumar(b10061) 2. Manoj kumar (b10062) 3.

Mohit goyal (b10063)

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Shape memory MATERIALS

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INTRODUCTION HISTORY TYPES OF SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS APPLICATIONS SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS

Shape memory MATERIALS

 Shape memory Effect i.e. they can REMEMBER their original

shape, when heated above some transition temperature.

One well-developed application of shape memory alloys, provide

leak proof couplings for pneumatic or hydraulic lines systems.

There is another type of SMA, called a ferromagnetic shape memory

alloy(FSMA), that changes shape under strong magnetic fields. These materials are of particular interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient than temperature-induced responses.

Shape memory MATERIALS

 The first discovery of shape memory effect was in 1930s. Greninger and Mooradian(1938) observed the formation and

disappearance of a martensitic phase by decreasing and increasing the temperature of a Cu-Zn alloy. The basic phenomenon of the memory effect governed by the thermoelastic behavior of the martensite phase was widely reported a decade later by Kurdjumov and Khandros(1949) and also by Chang and Read(1951).

Shape memory MATERIALS

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are novel and special materials i.e. they can "REMEMBER" their shape when heated above a certain transition temperature.
Shape Memory polymers are polymers, which have a special chemical makeup that gives them their "shape memory" properties

SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS

Shape memory MATERIALS

Definition of a Shape Memory Alloy

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a class of metal alloys that can recover apparent permanent strains when they are heated above a certain temperature.

Shape memory MATERIALS

Basic working principle

SMAs have two stable phases - the high-temperature phase, called austenite and the low-temperature phase, called martensite. the martensite can be in one of two forms: twinned and detwinned, as shown in Figure 1. A phase transformation which occurs between these two phases upon heating/cooling is the basis for the unique properties of the SMAs.

Shape memory MATERIALS

Shape memory MATERIALS

Ms - Martensitic start temperature (temperature at which material starts transforming

from austenite to martensite)

Mf

- Martensitic finish temperature (temperature at which transformation is complete

- Austenite start temperature (temperature at which reverse transformation starts)

to martensitic phase)

As
Af

- Austenite finish temperature (temperature at which reverse transformation is complete to austenitic phase)

Shape memory MATERIALS

If an alloy, which is in a state of self-accommodated martensite, is deformed by applying mechanical load and then unloaded, remains deformed. If the alloy is then reheated to a temperature above the austenite finish temperature, it recovers original macroscopic shape. This is so-called one way memory effect.

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 Shape memory alloys can be processed to remember both hot and cold

shapes. They can be cycled between two different shapes without the need of external stress.

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 Cardiovascular applications - The first cardiovascular device developed

with shape memory was the Simon filter. The Simon filter represents a new generation of devices that are used for blood vessel interruption in order to prevent pulmonary embolism. From its original shape in the martensitic state the filter is deformed and placed on a tip.

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Application to Surgical Instruments

- In recent years, medicine and the medical industry have focused on the concept
of less invasive surgical procedures. Following this tendency, shape memory surgical instruments have been created and are becoming noticeable. Among the advantages of these tools, one can emphasize their flexibility as well as their possibility to recover their former shape when heated. The SMA basket is used to remove kidney, bladder and bile duct stones (20). This basket is inserted into the human body in the same way as the Simon filter.

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 Superelastic applications -

Among the various principles of SMA application, superelastic devices are the most significant in both material consumption and commercial value. Today, NiTi SMA has achieved a permanent place in high end eyeglass frames. The cellular phone is now ubiquitous being in view in almost every public arena. The cellular phone antenna, formerly of stainless steel, is now universally manufactured from superelastic NiTi alloy due to great resistance to permanent set on bending and accidental damage.

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Constrained recovery applications

A classic example for the constrained recovery applications is Cryo fit coupling. As shown in the hollow cylinder of cryogenic NiTiFe alloy having an inside diameter smaller than the tubing diameter is first expanded and stored in the martensitic state until assembly. After installing the expanded coupling onto the tubing, the inner-diameter of the coupling recovers its original dimension and forms a strong joint with the tubing when the temperature warms to the environmental temperature. These couplings have been successfully used primarily for joining hydraulic systems in military aircrafts with a small volume utilized in petroleum, petrochemical and utility industries.

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Nickel Titanium (also known as Nitinol) is the unique class of materials known as shape memory alloys. A thermoelastic martensitic phase transformation in the material is responsible for its extraordinary properties.
The properties of Nitinol can be modified to a great extent by changes in alloy composition, mechanical working, and heat treatment. Its properties include the shape memory effect, superelasticity, and high damping capability. Nitinol has two phases: High temperature form austenite : Very hard and rigid; tight Very cubic symmetry (how the atoms are packed) Low temperature form martensite : Less symmetric, more Less flexible; With pressure, atoms With change position. This crystal phase allows the material to be deformed.

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 Shape Memory polymers are polymers, which have a

special chemical makeup that gives them their "shape memory" properties. The shape memory effect requires a components at the molecular level: cross-links, which determine the permanent shape and so called "switching segments", which are used to maintain the temporary shape. Above its glass transition temperature a shape memory polymer can seem just like any other polymer. At this temperature it is in its memory shape, if no loads are applied. Because of its flexibility it can be deformed into a different shape quite easily. This is shown in the step ! in the figure.

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Cooling "freezes" the deformed shape 2. After it is completely cooled the force no longer needs to be applied and it stays in the deformed shape 3. This is a temporary shape. At that state the polymer is a fairly rigid and hard polymer. the temporary state can be removed by heating the polymer above the transition temperature. During the transition the material goes from its temporary shape to its memory shape 4. This is a very elastic and flexible state. This change can be repeated over and over again without the polymer degrading with each time it undergoes the process of temporary deformation.

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THANK YOU
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