Step Rate Testing

Cardinal Surveys Company 2009
SLeve McLaughlln
resldenL
Cardlnal Surveys Company
ou do noL wanL Lo frac your ln[ecLors
Cld Lechnology buL musL be done rlghL
ScanL llLeraLure buL agrees on fundamenLals
MosL cosLly waLerflood mlsLake unlnLenLlonal
lracLurlng and dlrecL channels
MosL overlooked underuLlllzed Lechnology
8apld premaLure breakLhrough sLlll plagues
new floods Loday
SLaLe and lederal regulaLlons dlcLaLe provlde
some guldance
oal
8ellable esLlmaLe of l (lormaLlon arLlng ressure)
ln[ecLlon above l
remaLure breakLhrough of ln[ecLed flulds
oor sweep efflclency
8educed recovery
Loss of cosLly ln[ecLlon flulds
ln[ecLlon far below l
ln[ecLlon volumes much lower Lhan Lhe allowable maxlmum
8educed raLe of oll recover
# rellable esLlmaLe of Lhe formaLlon parLlng or
fracLure exLenslon pressure ls lmporLanL for
efflclenL operaLlon of waLer floods and LerLlary
recovery pro[ecLs"
- ramod Slngh SL and 8am garwal SL
moco roducLlon Co SL 18141 1990
#8apld waLer breakLhrough ln producLlon wells as a dlrecL resulL
of exceedlng a cerLaln crlLlcal ln[ecLlon pressure ln nearby
ln[ecLlon wells was observed as early as 1943(1) 1hls crlLlcal
ln[ecLlon pressure ls called Lhe formaLlon or fracLure parLlng
pressure (l) 1he l ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe 'fracLure
exLenslon/propagaLlon pressure' ln Lhe hydraullc fracLurlng
llLeraLure(2) Several sLudles (33) recenLly demonsLraLed LhaL a
fracLure wlll propagaLe lf ln[ecLlon ls above Lhe l and Lhe
ln[ecLlon/wlLhdrawal raLlo ls greaLer Lhan one ln addlLlon Lo
Lhls unconLrolled fracLure exLenslon ln[ecLlon above Lhe l
may also cause fracLurlng ouL of pay 1hese facLors may lead Lo
premaLure breakLhrough of ln[ecLed flulds poor sweep
efflclency reduced recovery and loss of cosLly ln[ecLlon flulds #
ConL
#Cn Lhe oLher hand ln[ecLlon far below Lhe l may resulL ln
ln[ecLlon volumes much lower Lhan Lhe allowable maxlmum and
a reduced raLe of oll recover rellable esLlmaLe of Lhe l ls
Lherefore crlLlcal ln conducLlng secondary and LerLlary recovery
pro[ecLs(6)"
- ramod Slngh SL and 8am garwal SL moco roducLlon Co SL
18141 1990
JhaL ls a #SLep 8aLe 1esL (S81)?"
serles of consLanLraLe ln[ecLlons (#SLeps")
lncreaslng from low Lo hlgh deslgned Lo deLermlne
Lhe lormaLlon arLlng ressure (l)
lormaLlon arLlng ressure ls Lhe pressure whlch
wlll lnlLlaLe formaLlon fracLure
lracLure ls undeslrable when lL leads Lo bypasslng
producLlve pay and channellng dlrecLly Lo ad[acenL
producers
l vs closure pressure
Closure pressure ls less Lhan Lhe lormaLlon arLlng
ressure
Closure pressure can be deLermlned by lnslLu
sLress LesLlng meLhods
8ules of 1humb usually llmlL ln[ecLlon pressure Lo
abouL 80 of l whlch should also be below
closure pressure
LaLon's MeLhod 1969
7
7
!

!
0
0 !
4-
= racture radient
Pob = Overburden radient
Pr = Reservoir Pressure radient
E = Poisson's Ratio
LaLon's MeLhod JesL 1exas Lxample
ob 1 Sl/fL (overburden gradlenL)
r 0433 Sl/fL (fresh waLer reservolr gradlenL)
L 023 (olsson's raLlo)
l 0622 Sl/fL
4300' well 2799 Sl l
-oLe LaLon's MeLhod from example uslng 80
ruleofLhumb equals 03 psl/fL gradlenL
0622 x 080 03 psl/fL
1hls ls Lhe 1exas 8allroad Commlsslon defaulL
permlLLed value
Measurlng pressure uown Pole or Surface?
1heoreLlcally pressure can be measured aL Lhe
surface and correcLed for hydrosLaLlc and frlcLlonal
facLors
racLlcally only downhole (near formaLlon face)
placed measuremenLs yleld good S81 daLa
8ealLlme monlLorlng requlred Lo lnsure quallLy of
Lhe S81 and Lo lnsure l has been reached
0
100
200
300
400
300
600
700
800
900
0 30 60 90 120 130 180 210 240 270 300
k
a
t
e
D
1|me M|nutes
Step kate 1est
Real Time njection Rate Steps
0
300
1000
1300
2000
2300
3000
0 30 60 90 120 130 180 210 240 270 300
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
S
I
1|me M|nutes
Step kate 1est
Real Time Bottom Hole Pressures
0
300
1000
1300
2000
2300
3000
0 100 200 300 400 300 600 700 800 900
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
S
I
kate 8D
Step kate 1est
njection Rates vs. BHP
0
300
1000
1300
2000
2300
3000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
S
I
kate 8D
Step kate 1est
lormaLlon arLlng
ressure (l)
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 3000 6000 7000 8000
r
a
d
|
e
n
t
S
I
]
I
1
SI 1oo| Depth
ps|]ft vs Depth
1exas 03
-ew Mexlco 02
-ew Mex|co
CCD (C|| Conservat|on D|v|s|on)
U-DLkkCU-D I-LC1IC- CC-1kCL
kCkAM MA-UAL
lebruary 26 2004
-ew Mexlco CCu rules
lnjection Pressure
W 1he lnlLlal permlLLed ln[ecLlon pressure ls llmlLed Lo
02 psl/fL
W Jells may be permlLLed aL a hlgher lnlLlal ln[ecLlon
pressure aL Lhe Llme of appllcaLlon lf adequaLe
sLepraLe LesL lnformaLlon ls provlded Lo Lhe
ulvlslon
-ew Mexlco CCu rules
Pressure lncreoses (over 02 Sl/fL)
W 1he ulvlslon may auLhorlze an lncrease ln ln[ecLlon
pressure upon a proper showlng by Lhe operaLor
LhaL such hlgher pressure wlll noL fracLure Lhe
formaLlon and wlll noL resulL ln mlgraLlon of
ln[ecLed flulds from Lhe auLhorlzed ln[ecLlon zone
Such proper showlng shall conslsL aL leasL of o vo/id
steprote test run ln a manner accepLable Lo Lhe
ulvlslon
1exas 88C SLaLewlde 8ule 46
1o ammend ln[ecLlon ressure above 03 Sl/fL
a SLep 8aLe 1esL ls requlred
Step kate 1est u|de||nes 1exas kkC
MusL demonsLraLe LhaL formaLlon fracLurlng wlll
noL occur aL Lhe proposed ln[ecLlon pressure
S81 used Lo demonsLraLe
Measure boLh surface and 8P
1he LesL well should be shuL ln long enough so
LhaL Lhe boLLomhole pressure ls near Lhe shuL
ln formaLlon pressure (-o less Lhan 48 hours)
1he well may need Lo be backflowed lf Lhe shuL
ln pressure ls above Lhe expecLed fracLure
pressure of 03 psl/fL of depLh
SuggesLed raLes for Lhe LesL are 3 10 20 40 60
80 and 100 of Lhe proposed maxlmum dally
ln[ecLlon volume and correspondlng pressures
1he flrsL raLe should be Lhe formaLlon maLrlx
raLe (Lhe raLe aL whlch Lhe formaLlon beglns Lo
accepL fluld)
L leasL Lwo raLes musL be below Lhe expecLed
fracLure pressure of 03 psl/fL of depLh
Lach raLe musL be allowed Lo sLablllze before
proceedlng Lo Lhe nexL hlgher raLe (60 mln for
formaLlon permeablllLy 10 mlllldarcles and 30
mln for perm 10 mlllldarcles)
LCP S1L SPCuLu LS1 LxC1L S LC- S
1PL 8LCLul- S1L
Cnce Lhe fracLure pressure ls reached
conLlnulng Lhe LesL by sLepplng downward wlll
reflne Lhe fracLure pressure and provlde quallLy
conLrol for Lhe LesL
ttp://www.rrc.state.tx.us/forms/publications/HTML/fsrt.pp
Un|ted States Lv|ronmenta| ro[ect|on Agency (LA)
underground ln[ecLlon ConLrol regulaLlons
promulgaLed ln response Lo requlremenLs of Lhe Safe
urlnklng JaLer cL lnclude 40 Cl8 14613(a) for non
hazardous wasLe wells and 14667(a) for hazardous
wasLe wells whlch sLaLe LhaL
LxcepL durlng sLlmulaLlon Lhe owner or operaLor shall
assure LhaL ln[ecLlon pressure aL Lhe wellhead does noL
exceed a maxlmum whlch shall be calculaLed so as Lo
assure LhaL Lhe pressure ln Lhe ln[ecLlon zone durlng
ln[ecLlon does noL lnlLlaLe new fracLures or propagaLe
exlsLlng fracLures ln Lhe ln[ecLlon zone
ttp://www.epa.gov/R5water/uic/r5guid/r5_07.tm
Un|ted States Lv|ronmenta| ro[ect|on Agency (LA)
8ecommends lracLure Closure ressure as
maxlmum ln[ecLlon pressure
refers lnslLu sLress LesLlng Lo S81 (lnslLu
sLress LesLlng ls where fluld ls ln[ecLed above Lhe
breakdown pressure fracLure pressure and
Lhen pressures are monlLored afLer fluld
ln[ecLlon ls sLopped Lo deLermlne closure
pressure and pore pressure 1he pumplng cycle
ls ofLen repeaLed mulLlple Llmes)
LA S1LkA1L 1LS1 kCCLDUkL
1) 1he well should be shuL ln long enough prlor Lo LesLlng
such LhaL Lhe boLLom hole pressures approxlmaLe shuLln
formaLlon pressures lf Lhe shuLln well flows Lo Lhe surface
Lhe wellhead ln[ecLlon sLrlng should be equlpped wlLh a
gauge and Lhe sLaLlc surface pressure read and recorded
2) serles of successlvely hlgher ln[ecLlon raLes are
deLermlned uslng guldellnes below and Lhe elapsed Llme
and pressure values are read and recorded for each raLe and
Llme sLep Lach rate step shou|d |ast exact|y as |ong as the
preced|ng rate lf sLablllzed pressure values are noL
obLalned wlLhln Lhe raLe sLeps suggesLed below Lhe LesL
resulLs may be consldered as lnconcluslve
ttp://www.epa.gov/region8/water/uic/NO-StepRateTest.pdf
lotmotloo letmeoblllty (mJ) 1otol tlme pet totestep (mlo)
3 md 60 mln
10 md 30 mln
3) SuggesLed ln[ecLlon raLes (percenL of maxlmum
anLlclpaLed ln[ecLlon raLe)
3 10 20 40 60 80 100
4) ln[ecLlon raLes should be conLrolled wlLh a consLanL flow
regulaLor LhaL has been LesLed prlor Lo use LhroLLllng
devlce ls noL consldered sufflclenL
3) llow raLes should be measured wlLh a callbraLed Lurblne
flowmeLer
6) 8ecord ln[ecLlon raLes uslng a charL recorder or a sLrlp
charL
7) Measure pressures wlLh a down ho|e pressure bomb lf a
surface gauge ls used Lhe LesL pressures musL be correcLed
for Lhe esLlmaLed frlcLlon loss aL each parLlcular flow raLe
8) Measure and record ln[ecLlon pressures wlLh a gauge or
recorder (for lmmedlaLe LesL resulLs) kecord each t|me step
and correspond|ng pressure
9) ploL of ln[ecLlon raLes and Lhe correspondlng sLablllzed
pressure values should be graphlcally represenLed as a
consLanL slope sLralghL llne Lo a polnL aL whlch Lhe
formaLlon fracLure or #breakdown" pressure ls exceeded
1he slope of Lhls subsequenL sLralghL llne should be less
Lhan LhaL of Lhe beforefracLure sLralghL llne (see example)
10) lf Lhe formaLlon fracLure pressure has deflnlLlvely been
exceeded as evldenced by aL leasL Lwo ln[ecLlon raLe
pressure comblnaLlons greaLer Lhan Lhe breakdown
pressure Lhe ln[ecLlon pump can be sLopped and Lhe llne
valve closed and pressure allowed Lo bleedoff lnLo Lhe
ln[ecLlon zone 1here wlll occur a slgnlflcanL lnsLanLaneous
pressure drop (lnsLanLaneous ShuLln ressure or lSl) afLer
whlch Lhe pressure values wlll level ouL 1h|s ISI va|ue
must be read and recorded 1he lSl obLalned ln Lhls
manner may be consldered Lo be Lhe mlnlmum pressure
requlred Lo hold open a fracLure ln Lhls formaLlon aL Lhls
well

11) Cnce Lhe lSl ls obLalned Lhe S81 ls concluded
12) ln Lhe evenL LhaL Lhe breakdown pressure was noL
obLalned aL Lhe maxlmum LesL ln[ecLlon pressure uLlllzed
Lhe LesL resulLs may lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe formaLlon ls accepLlng
flulds wlLhouL fracLurlng
L S81 Lxample
CLher meLhod
2 SLep MeLhod
SL 18141 Slngh and garwal 1989
uS aLenL -o 4793413 Slngh garwal and
Mlller 1988
- uses conLlnuous recordlng of raLe and pressure daLa
- SLep one below l SLep Lwo above l
- uelLa Llme vs uelLa pressure ploLs deLermlne l
Lxamples lollow

Step Rate Testing

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Step Rate Testing

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Cardinal Surveys Company 2009

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