Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
Mari – Mupas
2nd year Section C
Group 4
Jacqueline T. Mupas
ETHICAL CONCERNS
Sanctity of human life
Protection of human dignity
Acceptance of social
responsibilities
Safekeeping of God’s creation
SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE
Ifgenetic determinism reduces the
meaning of humanhood to the
mechanistic out workings of molecular
biology, there is serious potential for
devaluing human life
SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE
New capacities for prenatal genetic testing,
including the examination of human pre-
embryos prior to implantation, generate
questions about the value of human life
when it is genetically defective
How serious must a genetic defect, prenatally
diagnosed, be before it is an ethically legitimate
reason for discarding a pre-embryo or for
inducing an abortion?
SANCTITY OF HUMAN LIFE
Some conditions, such as trisomy 18, are
generally deemed incompatible with life
Jacqueline T. Mupas
CONFIDENTIALITY
Christian love requires that trust be
maintained in human relationships
Mercado, Kriselle S.
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
an international scientific research project.
Its primary goals are to determine the
sequence of chemical base pairs which
make up DNA and to identify the more than
20,000 genes of the human genome.
58
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
objective of the HGP is to understand the
genetic makeup of the human species
nonhuman organisms such as
Escherichia coli, the fruit fly, and the
laboratory mouse.
It remains one of the largest investigational
projects in modern science.
59
APRIL 14, 2003
COMPLETION OF THE
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
with T
G always pairs 61
with C
Cell
Nucleus
Chromosome
DNA
62
THE HUMAN GENOME
Genome: the totality of genetic
information in an organism
23 chromosomes (diploid content = 46)
~30,000 genes
~ 3 billion bases
63
HISTORY OF THE HUMAN GENOME
PROJECT (HGP)
TheUS Department of Energy (DOE)
and the Human Genome
67
GOALS OF HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Identify all the genes in the human genome
Complete the sequence of 3 billion bases of the
human genome
Store the human genome information in
databases
Develop tools for analysis of the data
68
WHOSE DNA WAS ACTUALLY SEQUENCED?
69
INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THE
HGP
size of human genome:
3.1647 billion base
pairs (bp)
number of human genes:
~30,000
genes vary in length and can
cover thousands of bases
70
avg. size: ~3,000 bp
INFORMATION DERIVED FROM
THE HGP
less than 2% of the human
genome codes for proteins
71
BENEFITS AND
APPLICATIONS
Medical benefits
Microbial genome research
DNA forensics
Evolution and human
migration
Risk assessment
72
BENEFITS OF HGP RESEARCH
MEDICAL BENEFITS
improved diagnosis of
disease
earlier
detection of
predispositions to disease
rational drug design
genetherapy and control
systems for drugs
pharmacogenomics
“personal drugs”
organ replacement 73
BENEFITS OF HGP RESEARCH
MICROBIAL GENOME RESEARCH
environmental
monitoring
protection from
biological and
chemical warfare
safe, efficient
toxic waste
cleanup
74
BENEFITS OF HGP RESEARCH
DNA FORENSICS
identify potential
suspects at crime
scenes
identify crime and
catastrophe victims
establish paternity
and other family
relations
match organ donors
with recipients in
transplant programs 75
BENEFITS OF HGP RESEARCH
EVOLUTION AND HUMAN MIGRATION
Comparison of
sequences of
genetically, racially
and culturally diverse
people
Comparison of
sequences of people
geographically apart
but apparently
related
Study of evolution of
humanoid species 76
mutagens
radiation
cancer -causing
toxins
reduce the
likelihood of
heritable 77
mutations
PROJECT GOALS NOW
To identify the function of the human genome
To understand how and why genes can cause
prevent disease
To speed up the use of genetic information in
biomedical research and put it to work
78
ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES
(ELSI)
Privacy issues and fair use of genetic
information
social implications and the ability of patients to
give informed consent to increasingly complex
and controversial procedures.
foundational principles of human dignity and
the common good.
79
ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES
(ELSI)
The integration of genetic technologies into
the clinical setting
Issues surrounding research ethics
The education of the public and of
professionals alike
80
CLONING
93
5 BASIC STEPS
95
M
ari,
She
ryll
Ann
e C.
SOMATIC CELL NUCLEI Isolation of a somatic cell
TRANSFER
96
Transfer of the nucleus
M
Embryo Implanted into ari,
a
Surrogate Mother She
ryll
Ann
e C.
FERTILIZATION VS. SCNT
98
the relatively low-tech version of
cloning. As the name suggests, this
technology mimics the natural process of
creating identical twins.
M
ari,
She
ryll
Ann
e C.
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Another potential application of cloning to organ
transplants is the creation of genetically modified
pigs from which organs suitable for human
transplants could be harvested .
M
ari,
She
ryll
Ann
e C.
“REFLECTIONS ON CLONING”
June 25, 1997 Vatican
114
human dignity."