Magnetic Field Sources

Magnetic Fields
• A force field that denotes
the area in which the non-
contact force of
permanent magnets or
current carrying
conductors can exert their
influence
• Fields are concentrated
at the poles
• Same properties with
Electric field lines except
that there is no magnetic
monopole
Magnetic field lines
Magnetic Force

• Like poles repel, opposite

attract
• An object that contains iron
but is not itself magnetized
is attracted by either pole
of a permanent magnet.
Magnetic Force
 Magnetic interactions can be
described as:
• A moving charge or a current creates a
magnetic field in the surrounding space (in
addition to its electric field)
• The magnetic field exerts a force Fm on any
other moving charge or current that is present
in the field.
• The magnetic force Fm acting on a positive
charge q moving with velocity v is
perpendicular to both Fm and the magnetic field
B.
 Units of Magnetic Fields
• SI units: tesla, T
1 tesla = 1 T = 1 N/A·m
• Or: gauss, G
1 G = 10-4 T
 Magnetic Force on Moving Charge
• Moving charged
r particles are deflected in magnetic
r r
fields F  q v  B
• Right-Hand Rule
 Grip and Hand Rules

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Magnetic Force on Moving Charge
The magnetic force is always perpendicular to v; a
particle moving under the action of a magnetic field
alone moves with a constant speed.
Motion of charged particles in a
magnetic field
Motion of charged particles in a
magnetic field

Fig. 27.18
Motion of charged particles in a
magnetic field

Fig. 27.17
 Applications of motion of charged
particles
Velocity Selector
• Particles of a specific
speed can be selected
from the beam using an
arrangement of electric
and magnetic fields called
a velocity selector.
Magnetic Force on Current
Carrying Wire

FM = Il × B
FM = IlB sin θ
Magnetic Force on Current
Carrying Wire
 Ampere’s Law
• Used to determine the magnetic field yielded by current-
carrying wire
• Ampere’s law states that the product B and length of line
segment around any closed path equals µ0 times the net
current through the area enclosed by the path.
• Direction of Magnetic field is determined by corkscrew method

∑ B∆l = µ I 0 enclosed
Ampere’s Law
B=µ 0I/2πL
Magnetic field profile of 2 parallel
current carrying wires
 Solution

µI µI µI
Btotal =B1 −B2 = 0 − 0 = 0 (point P1 )
4πd 8πd 8πd
µI µI µI
Btotal =B1 +B2 = 0 + 0 = 0 (point P2 )
2πd 2πd πd
µI µI µI
Btotal =B2 −B1 = 0 − 0 = 0 (point P3 )
2πd 6πd 3πd
Magnetic Field in Solenoid
Magnetic Field in Solenoid
B=µ 0nI
Ampere’s Experiment

B1=µ 0I1/2πL F= µ 0I1I2l/2πL

 Exercise

B1=µ 0I1/2πL F/l= µ 0I1I2/2πL

Example
Suspending a current with a current
A horizontal wire carries a current I1=80 A dc. A second
parallel wire 20 cm below it must carry how much
current I2 so that it doesn’t fall due to gravity? The lower
wire is a homogenous wire with a mass of 0.12 g per
meter of length.
F/L = mg/L=1.18 x 10-3 N/m
µ 0I1I2/2π L = 1.18 x 10-3 N/m
I2= 15 A
 Definitions
• Ampere current flowing in each of the two
long parallel conductors 1 m apart, which
results in a force of exactly 2 x 10-7 N/m of
length of each conductor.
• Coulomb one ampere-second
 Solution Set

F/l= µ 0I1I2/2πL
FA/l= 5.83 x 10-5N/m; 90
FB/l=3.37 x 10-5N/m; -60
FC/l=3.37 x 10-5N/m; 240