Selections from

1880-1907
Traditional domestic ideologies VS. New Woman

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX) Education increased with quality Wages also increased Factory workers and artisans lived in the suburbs with satisfactory conditions, rather than those workers in central London (unskilled workers) Decline of family size
MLLCI English Culture 2

Contextualization

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont.

Contextualization

Changes in womens conditions 3 groups: 1. Artisan group (printers, workers in precious metals, bookbinders, many skilled construction workers) 2. The bulk of the factory labour force 3. Traditional poor
MLLCI English Culture 3

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont.

Contextualization

Life of the working-class was bad. That led to sloppy housework. Women had great responsibilities at home: Money, shopping, paying the rent, buying clothes, keeping up insurance payments and overseeing school expenses for their children.

MLLCI English Culture

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont.

Contextualization

Education was obligatory, so women had more free time. But education led to:
Children criticising their parents traditions; Mothers losing control over their male children (streets)

MLLCI English Culture

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont.

Contextualization

Decline in the child mortality among factory workers (emotional attachment but also despair) New employment opportunities Women spent their money on:
Candies, clothing, recreation (after marriage women lost their social life); Savings for marriage.
MLLCI English Culture 6

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont.

Contextualization

Disadvantages of the quick spread of factory employment:

Low payments convinced working-women that they were inferior; General public regarded them with disfavour; Competition at work between men and women; Job tensions
MLLCI English Culture 7

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont. Working-class wife was not suppose to work New concerns for freedom, dignity and equality Suffragette movements (in 1897 was constituted the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies) 1910- Labour Movement (strikes, Trade Unions) In 1918 women at the age of 30(or more) could vote In 1928 women at the age of 21 (or more) could vote.
MLLCI English Culture 8

Contextualization

(2nd half of the XIX century and beginning of the XX)cont.

Contextualization

New legislation:
Property ownership Marriage and divorce Custody of children Crime and punishment Business Employment and franchisement

MLLCI English Culture

Girls periodicals
Young Ladies Magazine of Theology (1838) English Girls Journal and Ladies magazine (186364) The Young English Woman (1864-77) The Young Ladies Journal (1864-1920) Girl of the Period Miscellany(1869) Every Girls Magazine (1878-88) The Girls Own Paper (1880-1907) Atlanta( 1887-98) The Girls Realm (1898-1915)
MLLCI English Culture 10

 The new girl culture, manifested in a range of novels, periodicals, sports, and leisure activities, was both a market response to and the producer of a newly self-conscious class of young females who inhabit an evolving period of adolescent opportunity, neither children nor wives and mothers.

New Woman
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The New Woman

was usually caricatured as an ugly, often mannish, bitter and unhappy spinster. She was the opposite of the womanly woman, who embodied the virtues of feminine self-sacrifice and devotion to the family, A true angel in the house

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12

The child: How will she develop?, 1894

The good girl The bad girl it shows that woman can purse education yet remain womanly it shows that the New Woman, she who dresses in mannish clothing and engages in sexual warfareis not an appropriate role model for the Girls Own reader.
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Household management
Household economy, cooking, needlework and managing servants. Articles for newlyweds but most of them were for unmarried girls, promoting the value of domestic life.

E.g.: LONDONS FUTURE HOUSEWIVES

AND THEIR TEACHERS
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Conduct
Articles of etiquette for the main audience: lower middle-class (on how to present themselves to the society). Conduct after the social changes following Victorias death and Edward VIIs ascension. E.g.: TO GIRLS IN THEIR TEENS
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Self-culture
Guides for reading, sheet music for instruments and vocals and competition for writing and fancy needlework. Clubs (recreation). Self-culture seen as a preparation for married life and motherhood.

E.g.: HOW TO IMPROVE ONES

EDUCATION
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Education
Progressive in detailing educational opportunities. Secondary and post secondary education. By the turn of the century the magazine began focusing on new opportunities in technical and professional training. E.g.: THE BATTERSA POLYTECHNIC
MLLCI English Culture 17

Work
Traditional feminine works (teaching, nursing, decorative arts). New professions (book-keepers, clerks, journalists, pharmacists) Tips for success in the workplace. Domestic service as a profession. E.g.: DOMESTIC SERVICE AS A
MLLCI English Culture

PROFESSION FOR GENTLEWOMEN

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Independent living
After 1880s articles on independent living started to be published. Readers who were pursuing new professions in cities could not stay at home. How to find accommodation, legal responsibilities of tenancy, economy for single girls

E.g.: SIXTY POUND PER ANNUM, AND HOW I LIVE UPON IT

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Health and sport

Healthy body, healthy mind. Eat healthily , rest, take some exercise and avoid mental strain. Being healthy was a synonym of being beautiful. The abandonment of the corsets for health reasons. Cycling. E.g.: THE DRESS FOR BICYCLING
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Magazines in the U.K.

Allure Better Homes & Gardens Cooking Light Cosmopolitan Elle Vogue http://allyoucanread.com/top-10-womensmagazines/ ()
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Magazines in Portugal
Tabloids
Caras, Lux

Feminine magazines
Mxima, Mulher Portuguesa

Decoration magazines
Mxima Interiores, Mobilirio em Notcia

Social magazines
Pais e Filhos

http://www.leme.pt/revistas/ ()
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