STRUCTURE OF URBAN AREAS, DENSITY PATTERNS

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Defining the urban areas:Municipalities ,corporations, cantonments are automatically treated as urban areas

The villages satisfying the following criteria are also treated as urban areas:

A minimum expected population 5000 Population density of 400 persons per square KM

At least 75% of male working population should be engaged in non agricultural pursuits.

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URBAN PATTERNS:These are mainly of 4 types:1.Gridiron plan or the chess board plan 2. The radial plan 3. The spider web plan 4. The irregular plan
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THE GRID IRON PLAN: the plan of all ages is almost a simple rectangle divided up into square blocks for building streets intersecting at right angles. this has been termed the grid iron or the chess board plan.

The first plannedGreekcity was probablyMiletus, which was rebuilt to a grid plan after 479 BC. Its gridded design has been credited to Hippodamus Miletves ofancient Greecethe grid plan is calledHippodamianplan.

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The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans, the cities were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, laid out in perfect right angles, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes.

Ancient towns like Memphis , Thebes , urs , Babylon , Persepolis Mohenjo-Daro , Peking emerged in the ancient period in the fertile valleys of Egypt , Mesopotamia , India and china.

Later on, Greek and roman towns like Athens , Miletus , Priene , Syracuse, Rome, etc.., were founded and later with the colonial expansion of roman empire , Baalbek , 4/29/12 Lebanon , Timgad and many other towns came into

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With the era of renaissance , there took some changes in existing cities.

In the renaissance city plans, the basic concept was forming straight streets. Chess board pattern of street layouts was adopted to create gardens and fountains with new types of public squares.

Florence , Milan and Vienna in Europe and Jaipur in India are the examples of these type

Newly build cities in India like, Chandigarh , Gandhinagar , are also on the same pattern.

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The tradition of grid plans is continuous in china from the 15th century BC onward. Guidelines are : "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."

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 THE RADIAL PLAN: towns , thus established at the

road junctions, took the form of a radiation plan. The houses in such a plan simply straggle out in ribbons along the roads.

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Cities of America , like Washington, D.C and New York have radial plans

Cities like Indianapolis and Madison are diagonally planned. Both the cities were based upon the gridiron, but diagonals ranged from the center to the four corners of the plan

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SPIDER WEB: for a better administrative control a series of circumferential road are introduced on radial plan which also gives controlled development. It is termed as a spider web plan.

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THE IRREGULAR PLAN: some times it becomes very difficult to remold to certain natural features (like streams, lakes, rocks) according to the need of the prepared plan. In such cases distances are long and extra land has to be acquired. Small walled town : noerdlingen in germany

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DENSITY PATTERNS:Densities are mainly of three kinds. :- NET DENSITY :-GROSS DENSITY :-OVERALL DENSITY

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NET DENSITY:- net density means the no of people per acre of the residential area including small garden patches, open spaces between buildings , internal roads and half the width of surrounding roads up to 20 feet. GROSS DENSITY:- gross density means the no of people per acre over the whole of defined areas which includes public buildings , industrial buildings and large spaces and half the width of the surrounding roads. OVERALL DENSITY:- which means the number of people per acre over a large area of the town, affecting its general economy. There is yet another kind of density called town density which means the number of people per acre over the entire area of the town, embracing residential, industrial, commercial, educational, recreational, transport 4/29/12

Diagrams showing land used by the dwellings, shops 4/29/12 ,schools and open spaces for 1000 people at net , gross and

This is the general density pattern in India

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This is the general density pattern in brazil

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K AN TH
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